
Class ^_ 
Book_ 



SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT 



MONTEITH'S 



YOUTH'S HISTORY 



.*'> 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES. 



YOUTH'S HISTOEY 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES. 



DESIGNED FOR 



INTERMEDIATE CLASSES H PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 




^oir^j- vehsoN. 



BY JAMES MONTEITH 



/ 



V> •*. 



PRINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL NO. XVII., NEW YORK AUTHOR OF A SERIES OF SCHOOL GEOGRAPHIES. 



NEW YORK: 

PUBLISHED BY A. S. BARNES & CO 

NOS. 51 & 53 JOHN-STREET. 

1858. 



OEOGRi^PHY A.ND HISTORY. 

NATIONAL SERIES OF GEOGRAPHIES. 

BY JAMES MO^TEITD AlVD FRANCIS McNALLY. 



MONTEITH'S FIRST LESSONS IN GEflGRAPIIY. 
MONTEITH'S INTRODUCTION TO MANUAL OF GEOG. 



MONTEITH'S NEW MANUAL OF GEOGRAPHY. 
McNALLT'S COMPLETE SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



Monteith's First Lessons in Geography— Introduction to Manual of Geography— and New Manual of 
Geography, are arranged on the catechetical plan, which has proved to be the best and most successful method of teaching this 
branch of study. The questions and answers are models of brevity and adaptation, and the maps are simple, accurate, and beautiful. 

McNally's Geography completes the series, and follows the same general plan. The maps are splendidly engraved, beautifully 
colored, and perfectly accurate ; and a profile of the country, showing the elevations and depressions of land, is given at the bottom of 
the maps. The order and arransrement of map questions are also peculiarly happy and systematic, and the descriptive matter just what 
is needed, and nothing more. No series heretofore published has been so extensively introduced in so short i. time, or has gained such 
a wide-spread popularity. 

THE NATIONAL SERIES OF HISTORIES, MYTHOLOGY, &c. 

MONTEITH'S YOUTH'S HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. Designed for Junior Classes in 

Public and Private Schools : and copiously illustrated with Maps and Engravings. 
V7ILLARD'S SCHOOL HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. With Maps and Engravings. 
WILLARD'S LARGE HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. With Maps and Engravings. 
"WILLARD'S HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. In Spanish Language. 
"WILLARD'S UNIVERSAL HISTORY IN PERSPECTIVE. With Maps and Engravings. 
RICORD'S ROMAN HISTORY. With Engravings. 

DWIGHT'S GRECIAN AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY. With Illustrations. School Edition. 
MILLS' HISTORY OP THE ANCIENT HEBREWS. 

Monteith's History of the United States will be found a valuable Introduction to Mrs. Willakd's larger work. 

"Willard's Histories are used in a large proportion of the High Schools, Academies, and Female Seminaries throughout the 
United States, and have been recommended by several State Superintendents. The History of the United States is so highly esteemed, 
as reliable, accurate, and complete, that it has been translated, and published in the German, Spanish, and French languages. 

The large work is designed as a Text-book for Academies and Female Seminaeies: and also for School and Family Libraries. 
The small work, being an Abkidomk.nt of the same, is designed as a Text-book for Common Schools. The originality of the plan consists 
in dividing the time into periods, of which the beginnings and terminations are marked by important events; and constructing a 
series of maps Ulustraiinff the progress of the settlement of the country, and the regtdar advance of civilisation. A/idl chrono- 
logical table will be found, in which all the events of the History are arranged in the order of time. There is appended to the work 
the Constitution of the United States, and a series of Questions adapted to each chapter, so that the work may be used in Schools 
and for private instruction. 

Dwight's Mythology is peculiarly adapted for use as a Class-book in High Schools, Academies, and Seminaries, and is indis- 
pensable to a thorough acquaintance with ancient history, and to a proper appreciation of the classical allusions constantly occurring in 
the writings of the best authors. It is also very valuable for private reading and study. 

Ricord's Roman History is also designed as a Text-book for Schools, and for private reading and reference. It Is the most 
complete and condensed history of the Eoinans before the public, and will be found exceedingly interesting, and very valuable to all, 
especially to those wishing to be familiar with the classics. 

A. S. BAXLITES 6l CO., 

Pitblishers of the National Series of Standard School Books. 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S58, by 

JAMES MONTEITII, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. 



PLAN OF THE WOUK. 



The following are the principal features of this work, viz. : 
. 1st, It is arranged in the catechetical form, and contains all the important facts of 
American History, systematized in such a manner that the pupil advances with profit 
and pleasure. 

2d. Maps, with special reference to the matter, are introduced, with geographical 
exercises, affording the learner a knowledge of the localities of battle-grounds, forts, 
&c,, mentioned in history. 

3d. The Review of each year, or period, will be found very serviceable in rendering 
more impressive the parts over which the learner has just passed. A valuable feature 
here is, that the questions in the Review are not only varied in form, but the questions 
and answers of the preceding exercises are reversed in the Review : — thus, in the exer- 
cises — " In what year was America discovered ? Ans. 1492." The Review Question 
would be, — " For what is the year 1492 memorable ?" 

4:th. As beginners are so often perplexed and discouraged in their efforts to commit 
to memory the dates, these are inclosed in parentheses ; so that they may be omitted 
until the learner has acquired a thorough knowledge of the events. 

5tli. The book contains Biographical Sketches of all persons who have been promi- 
nently identified with the history of our country. The importance of this addition to 
a history is very apparent. 

Throughout the preparation of this work, the most reliable and popular authorities 
have been consulted. 

New York, September, 1858. 



CONTENTS. 



Eaelt Discoveries . 



PAGE. 

. 5 
. 9 



ViKGINIA 

New Yoek 11 

MASSACnUSETTS • 13 

New Hampshike and Conneotiout l-i 

EuoDE Island, Maryland, and New Jersey l5 

Delaware, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina 16 

South Carolina, Georgia, Maine, Vermont, and Tennessee 17 

Kentucky, Ohio, and Louisiana 18 

Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, and Michigan 19 

Florida and Texas 20 

Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, Nebraska, Washington, 

AND DaCOTAH 21 



The French and Indian War, 

The Eevolution — 1775 

" " 1776 

" " 1777 

" " 1778 

" " 1779 

" " 1780 

" " 1781 

" " 1782 , 



22 
28 
32 
35 
38 
40 
43 
45 
47 



Constitution formed '*° 



CONTENTS, 

PAGE. 

War with Great Britain — 1812 49 

" " " 1813 52 

" " " 1814 5i 

" " " 1815 56 

War with Algiers 57 

The Mexican War — 1846 58 

» " " 1847 60 

Eeoent Expeditions 63 

Magnetic Telegraph 64 

The Declaration of Indkpkndknce 65 

Biographical Sketches 67-88 



No. 1 . Discoveries of Early Navigators 7 

" 2. Grants made in the Seventeenth Centurt 8 

" 3. French and Indian War 24 

" 4. The Revolution — New York, New Jersey, Boston, Charleston, and Lake 

George 33 

" 5. The Revolution — The Southern States 41 

" 6. The Second War with Great Britain 50 

" 7. The War with Mexico 58 




HISTORY 

umi Ttates 



LESSON 

Question. When, and by whom was 
America discovered? 

Answer. In the year 1492, 
by Christoplier Columbus. 
Q. Where was Columbus born? 

A. Ill Genoa, in the north- 
western part of Italy. 

Q, From what country did he sail ? 

A. From Spain. 




Q. Where did he intend to go ? 

A. To India, in Asia. 

Q. In what direction did Europeans go to India ? 

A. East. 

. Q. In what direction did Columbus sail upon this 
occasion ? 

A. Westward, on the Atlantic Ocean. 

Q. Why did Columbus think to arrive at India by 
a westerly course on the Atlantic ? 

A. He knew the Earth was a globe, and 
thought the Atlantic extended from Europe 
westward to Asia. 



Q. What land stopped him on his way to Asia ? 

A. America and its islands. 

Q. Where did he suppose he had arrived ? 

A. He thought he had reached Asia. 

Q. How far had he really gone ? 

A. About one third the distance from 
Europe westward to Asia. 

Q. Where did Columbus first land ? 

A. On one of the Bahamas, named San 
Salvador, or Guanahani. 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON II. 

Q. "What did Columbus name the land and the in- 
habitants ? 

A. Thinking he had reached India, he 
named the land West Indies, and the in- 
habitants Indians. 

Q. When did he leave Spain ? 

A. August 3d, 1492. 

Q. When did he reach San Salvador ? 

A. October 12th, 1492. 

Q. How many times did Columbus visit America ? 

A. Four times. 

Q. When did he discover the Continent ? 

A. In the year 1498, — on his third voy- 
age. 

Q. What part of the Continent was first discov- 
ered by Columbus ? 

A. At the mouth of the river Orinoco, 
in South America. 

Q. Did Columbus ever learn that he had discov- 
ered a new world ? 

A. He did not. 

Q. Where and when did Columbus die ? 

A. In Spain, fourteen years after the 
discovery. 

Q. Where were his remains finally buried ? 

A. In Havana, the capital of .Cuba. 

Q. After whom was America named ? 

A. Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian, who 
visited America in the year 1499. 

Q Why was this continent named after Amerigo ? 

A. His description of the country being 
the first published, many believed him to 
be the first discoverer. 



LESSON III. 

Q. Did Columbus ever visit North America ? 

A. He did not. 

Q. Who first explored the coast of North America ? 
A. John Cabot and his son Sebastian, 
who sailed from England. 

Q. What part of North America did they explore ? 

A. The coast of Labrador, [in the year 
1497.] 

Q. What voyage did Sebastian Cabot make in 1498 ? 

A. He explored the coast from Labra- 
dor to Virginia. 

Q What did England claim in consequence of the 
discoveries of the Cabots ^ 

A. Tlie greater part of North America. 

Q. What discoveries were made in 1506. 1512, and 

1513? 

A. Yucatan was discovered in 1506, 
Florida in 1512, and the Pacific Ocean in 
1513. 

Q. By whom was Florida discovered ? 

A. By Ponce de Leon, who went in 
search of a fountain, said to possess the 
property of imparting youth to all who 
drank of its waters. 

Q. What was the fate of De Leon ? 

A. He was mortally wounded, on his 
second voyage, by the Indians. 

Q. Who first discovered the Pacific Ocean ? 

A. Nunez de Balboa, from the Andes 
Mountains, in the Isthmus of Darien. 
Q. Who explored the coast of Mexico ? 

A. Cordova, [in 1517.J 



DISCOVERIES, 



LESSON IV. 

Q. Who first conquered Mexico ? 

A. Cortez, a Spaniard, [in 

1521.] 

Q. Who was first sent to America 
from France, for the purpose of ex- 
ploring ? 

A . John Yerrazzani , who ex- 
plored the coast from North 
Carolina to ^Newfoundland ; 

[1524.] 

Q. AVho first engaged in the fisheries 
of Newfoundland ? 

A. Tlie French, [as early as 
1504.] 

Q. What voyages were made by 
James Cartier ? 

A. James Cartier, imder the 
French government, made 
three voyages to the St. Law- 
rence Kiver, [which he first 
discovered in 1534.] 

Q. Were Cartier' s efforts to form a 
colony successful ? 

A. They were not. 

Q. How was Cartier treated by the 
natives ? 

A. During his first and sec- 
ond visits he was treated very 
kindly ; but on the third, the 
Indians were hostile. 

Q. Who attempted to form a colony 
near the St. Lawrence, in 1542. 

A. Roberval, a French noble- 
man, whose efforts to form a 
colony failed. 




To te anstoered from the Map. 

Where and when was the Continent first discovered ? — By whom ? 
What voyage was made in 1492?— In 1498 ?— In 1512 ?— In 1524 ? 
-In 1534 ?— In 1539 ? 
Where is Guanahani or San Salvador situated ? 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 



LESSON V. 

Q. "Who invaded Florida in 1539 ? 

A. De Soto, a Spanish noble- 
man, wlio expected to find Flor- 
ida rich with gold. 

Q. "What large river did he discover ? 
(See Map No. 1.) 

Q. From what did De Soto's troops 
suffer ? 

A. Famine, sickness, and at- 
tacks hy the natives. 

Q. What became of De Soto ? 

A. He died, and was buried in 
the Mississippi Eiver, by his few 
surviving companions ; [1542.] 

Q. Who first established a colony in 
South Carolina ? 

A. Tlie Huguenots, or French 
Protestants, in 1562 ; but it was 
soon after abandoned. 

Q. Whera else did the Hugaenots at- 
tempt to plant a colony ? 

^. In Florida ; but it was de- 

j stroyed by the Spaniards. 

I 

I Q. Where was the first settlement 
! formed in the Western Hemisphere ? 

; J.. At Hayti, by the Span- 
j iards under Columbus. 

j Q. Where was the first colrny formed 
I on the continent of America ? 

A. On the Isthmus of Darien, 
by the Spaniards, [in 1510.] 



— Ht - 




Exhibiting the gi-ant made 
by the Kings of Great Bn- 
tain and France during 
the early part of tlie 17 ih 
century. 



4 I oii.ituile 2 JVrU. 



Lans..-i Fast from A U'cishinz- 6 ton 



To he answered from the Map. 

Wliat voyage was made in 1607 ?— In 1620 ? 

What discovery was made in 1609 ? 

What bay was explored in 1608 ? By whom ? 

What grants were made to the London and Plymouth Companies ? 



VIRGINIA, 



Q. What IS the oldest city in America ? 

A. Mexico, taken by the Spaniards, [in 
1521.] 

Q. What is the oldest city in America, north of 
the Gulf of Mexico ? 

A. St. Augustine ; founded by the Span- 
iards in 1565. 

Q. Who first attempted to form English colonies iu 
America ? 

A. Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Wal- 
ter Raleigh. 

Q. How many colonies did Sir Walter Ealeigh send 
out from England ? 

A. Three; in 15S1, 1585, and 1587. 

Q. Did these colonies prosper ? 

A. They did not. 

Q. By whom was Cape Cod discovered ? 

A. By Bartholomew Gosnold, who was 
the first Englishman that entered New 
England; [1602.] 



R E A^ I E W^ 



LESSON VI. 

For what is the year 1492 memorable ? 

For what part of the earth did Columbus sail ? 

Did he expect to find a new world ? 

Who informed the Europeans of the discovery of a 
new world ? 

What length of time was Columbus in coming from 
Spain to San Salvador ? 

When was South America first discovered ? 

What discoveries were made by the Cabots ? 

What discovery did De Leon make ? 

What discovery did Balboa make ? 

What discovery did Cordova make ? 

What conquest did Cortez make ? 



What country sent out the first discoverers ? 

What country, next after Spain, sent out explorers 
to the New World ? 

V/hat government was third in point of time ? 

Who was the first Spanish discoverer ? 

Who was the first English explorer ? 

Who was the first French explorer ? 

What was the extent of the explorations of each of 
these ? 

Who first made voyages to the St. Lawrence Eiver ? 

What French nobleman followed Cartier ? 

For what purpose did Cartier and Kober\al visit 
America ? 

Were their efforts successful ? 

What can you say of De Soto ? 

In what two States did the Huguenots attempt to 
colonize ? 

Were they successful ? 

For what is Hayti remarkable ? 

Where was the first colony on the Continent ? 

Which is the oldest city in America ? 

Which is the oldest city in the United States ? 

What can you say of Sir Walter Raleigh— Bartholo- 
mew Gosnold ? 



LESSON VII. 

VIRGINIA.— Where did the English first settle 
in the United States ? 

A. At Jamestown, in 1607. 

Q. By whom were the settlers of Jamestown sent ? 

A. By the London Company. 

Q. Of whom was the London Company composed ? 

A. Of noblemen, gentlemen, and mer- 
chants of London. 

Q. Who granted to the London Company the right 
to settle in America ? 

A. James I., king of England. 

Q. What territory was granted to the Company ? 

A. That between Cape Fear and the 
southern limit of Maryland. 



10 



MONTEITII'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 




VIRGINIA COAT OF ARMS. 

Q. What was the number of the first settlers of 
Jamestown ? 

A. One hundred and five ; most of whom 
■were worthless and idle, there being only 
twelve laborers and but few mechanics. 

Q. How many vessels conveyed them across the 
Atlantic ? 

A. Tliree ; the largest not exceeding one 
hundred tons burden. 

Q. For what place did they sail ? 
A. Virginia. 

Q. Who was the commander of the expedition ? 
A. Captain Cln-istopher Newport. 

Q. What was the course of his voyage from England ? 

A. By way of the Canary Islands and 
the AYest Indies. 

Q. Where did he enter Virginia ? 

A. At the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, 
after a voyage of a little over four months. 

Q. What river was then entered ? 

A. James River, so named in honor ot 
the King of England. 



LESSON YIII. 

Q. When was the settlement of Jamestown com- 
menced ? 

A. In May, 1607. 

Q. Who was the first President of the colony ? 
A. Edward Wingfield. 

Q. When did Newport sail for England ? 

A. In the middle of June ; leaving the 
party in a very pitiable condition. 

Q. What troubles did the settlers experience ? 

A. Tlie hostility of the natives and sick- 
ness : frequently, three or four died in a 
night ; and, in a few months, one half of 
the colony perished. 

Q. What ended Wingfield's connection with the 
colony ? 

A. He was deposed, on account of dis- 
honesty. 

Q. Who was the second President ? 
A. Batcliffe ; who was so inefficient that 
he was soon succeeded by Smith. 

Q. How did Smith conduct the affairs of the colony ? 

A. With great energy and success. 

Q. On what occasion was Smith captured by the 
Indians ? 

A. On a voyage up the Chickahominy, 
a branch of the James River. 

Q. What sentence did the Indian king, Powhatan, 
pronounce upon Smith ? 

A. Tliat he should be put to death. 

Q. What saved his life ? 

A. Tlie entreaties of Pocahontas, the 
dauffhter of Powhatan. 



NEW YORK. 



11 



Q. Where was Smith soon after permitted to go ? 

A. To his companions at Jamestown, 
whom he fonnd discontented, and anxious 
to abandon the colony. 

Q. What effect did Smith's return produce ? 

A. Order was restored to the colony, 

Q. How many men did Smith find on his return to 
Jamestown ? 

A. Forty ; who were soon after joined 

by new arrivals from England. 

Q. What accident befell Smith ? 

A. He wa9»disabled by an explosion of 
gunpowder, which compelled him to retm-n 
to England. 



^ 



LESSON IX. 

Q. What was the condition of the colony soon after 
Smith's departui-e ? 

A. In six months, indolence, vice, and 
famine reduced its number from four hun- 
dred and ninety to sixty. 

Q. How was that period designated ? 

A. As the starving time. 

Q. Who preserved the colony from ruin at that 
time? 

A. Lord Delaware, who fortunately ar- 
rived with emigrants and supplies. 
Q. In what year was the starving time ? 

A. 1610, — three years after the fii*st set- 
tlement of Jamestown. 

Q. When and where was the culture of tobacco 
commenced ? 

A. At Jamestown, in 1616. 

Q. When was negro slavery commenced in the 
United States ? 

A. In the year 1620, by the Dutch. 



Q. Give an account of the first Indian massacre. 

A. In 1622, the Indians surprised the 
colonists, and in one hour massacred three 
hundred and forty-seven men, women, and 
children. 

Q. When did the second Indian massacre occur ? 

A. In 1644, when three hundred whites 
were killed. 

Q. What did the colonists do in consequence ? 
A. Tliey reduced the Indians to submis- 
sion. 



LESSON X. 

NEW YORK. -What part of New York State was 
first discovered ? 

A. Staten Island, by Henry Hudson. 

Q. By whom was the Hudson River discovered ? 
A. By Henry Hudson, [in 1609]. 

Q. How far up the Hudson did he sail ? 
A. One hundred and sixteen miles from 
its mouth ; where the city of Hudson now 

stands. 

Q. Why did Hudson enter the river which now 
bears his name ? 

A. He thought it would lead him to the 
Pacific Ocean. 

Q. When did Hudson discover the strait and bay 
which bear his name ? 

A. In 1610, when he was placed in an 
open boat and cruelly abandoned by his 
companions. He was never heard of after- 
ward. 

Q. What part of New York was first settled ? 

A. The southern part of Manhattan 
Island. 

Q. What is Manhattan Island now ? 

A. Kew York City. 

Q. Who gave it the name of Manhattan ? 

A. The Indians. « 



12 



MONTEITII'S HISTORY OF THE UN'ITED STATES. 



LESSON Xi. 

Q. By whom was the first settlement formed on 
Manhattan Island ? 

A. By the Dutch, [in 16U.] 

Q. What induced the Dutch to settle there ? 

A. Trade with the natives ; the Dutch 
giving European manufactures in exchange 
for furs. 

Q. What was the settlement called ? 

A. Kew Amsterdam. 

Q. What did New Netherlands at first comprise ? 

A. The region extending from Delaware 
Bay to Cape Cod. 

Q. Mention the governors of New Netherlands. 

A. Minuits, Van T wilier, Kieft, and 
Stuyvesant. 

Q. What troubles did the settlers of New Nether- 
lands have ? 

A. Attacks by the Indians, and disputes 
concerning boundaries. 

Q. By what authority did the Dutch occupy New 

Netherlands ? 

A. The discovery by Hudson. 

Q. What other nation claimed that country ? 
A. The English, from the discovery by 
Cabot. 

Q. To whom did the King of England grant the 
Dutch province ? 

A. To the Duke of York, who sent out 
a squadron to take possession of the prov- 
ince. 

Q. Who was the governor at that time ? 

A. Peter Stuyvesant. 

Q. Did the English succeed in taking the province ? 

A. They did ; the Dutch, after a slight 
resistance, surrendered to them ; [1664.] 



Q. Who were the first English governors ? 

A. Nicholls, Lovelace, Andros, and Don- 
gan. 

Q. What village in New York was attacked in 
1690? 

A. Schenectady, by the French and In- 
dians, who killed sixty persons. 




NEW YORK COAT Oi' ARMS. 



K E V^ I ETV^. 



LESSON XII. 

When, and by whom, was Jamestown settled ? 

What land was granted to the London Company ? 

What was the character of the settlers ? 

What President preceded Smith ? 

What was the condition of the colony under each of 
the Presidents ? 

Give an account of Smith's capture by the Indians. 

Why did Smith leave the colony ? 

What can you say of the starving time ? 

What assistance did Lord Delaware bring to the colo- 
nists ? 

Describe the two Indian massacres. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



What can you say of Henry Hudson ? 

What part of New York was first discovered ? 

What part was first settled ? By whom ? 

Wliat was the region extending from Delaware Bay 
to Cape Cod called ? 

Were the settlers of New Netherlands annoyed by 
the Indians ? 

By what two governments was New Netherlands 
claimed ? 

By what authority did each claim it ? 

While the Dutch held the territory, what did the 
King of England do to obtain possession ? 

How long did the Dutch have possession of New 
Netherlands ? 

Mention the Dutch governors. 

Mention the English governors. 



LESSON XIII. 

MASSACHUSETTS— By whom settled ? 

A. By Puritans from England, [in 1620.] 

Q. Why did the Puritans leave their homes and 
come to America ? 

A. To enjoy religious freedom. 

Q What vessel conveyed them across the Atlantic ? 

A. The Mayflower, after a voyage of 
sixty-five days. 

Q. Where did the Puritans intend to settle ? 

A. Near the Hudson Eiver. 

Q Where aid they land ? 

A. At Plymouth, [December 21, 1620.] 

' Q. How many Puritans came on the first voyage ? 
A. One hundred; forty-one being men. 
Q. Who was the first governor ? 

A. John Carver. 

Q. From what did tliose Puritans suffer greatly ? 
A. Sickness, want, and exposure. 




MASSAOHUSETTS COAT OS' ARMS. 



Q. How many died in the first four months ? 

A. Within four months nearly one half 
of their number died. At one time but 
seven were able to render assistance. Gov- 
ernor Carver, his wife, and son, wei*e among 
the dead. 

Q. How was the colony saved from famishing ? 

A. By the benevolence of fishermen off 
the coast. * 

Q. How long did their sufi'erings continue ? 

A. Three years. 

Q. How did they finally provide themselves food ? 

A. Each family planted for itself ; which 
plan brought contentment and plenty. 

Q. What settlements were soon after formed in 
Massachusetts ? 

A. Salem and Boston ; most of the set- 
tlers being Puritans. 

Q. Who was banished from Massachusetts ? 

A. Roger Williams, on account of his 
religious opinions. 



14 



MONTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




^ 




NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



LESSON XIV. 

Q. How were the Quakers treated by the Puritans ? 

A. The Quakers were banislied from 
tlie colony ; many were imprisoned, and 
four put to death. 

Q. Were they finally allowed to remain in the col- 
ony ? 

A. They were. 

Q. What war broke out in 1675 ? 

A. King Philip's war, between the En- 
glish and Indians. 

Q. Who was King Philip ? 

A. Tlie chief of a tribe of Indians. 

Q. What injuries were done to the English ? 

A. Tlie Indians burned several villages, 
and killed many of the people 
Q. What put an end to the war ? 

A. Philip was killed, and the Lidians 
completely routed ; [1676.] 



Q. What European wars disturbed the colonies in 
America ? 

A. King William's, Queen Anne's, and 
King George's ; [16S9, 1702, and 1744.J 

Q. Who were the parties in the European wars ? 

A. Tlie English against the French. 

Q. Whom did the Indians assist in America ? 

A. The French. 

NEW HAMPSHIIIE.-Where settled ? 

A. At Little Harbor and Dover; [1623.] 

Q. What did New Hampshire suffer ? 

A. Farms were laid waste, and many of 
the settlers cruelly put to death by the In- 
dians. 




CONNECTICUT. 



CONNECTICUT.— By whom settled ? 
A. By people from Massachusetts; [1633.] 
Q. What Indians made war against them ? 
A. The Pequods, [in 1636.J 

Q. What was the result of the war ? 

A. The Pequods were entirely defeated. 



RHODE ISLAND, MARYLAND, NEW JERSEY, 



15 




BUODK ISLAND. 



LESSON XV. 

RHODE ISLAND— By whom settled? 

A. By Roger Williams and a few of his 
followers, [in 1636.] 

Q. Where was the first settlement formed ? 

^. At a place wliicli Williams named 
Providence. 

Q. By what tribe of Indians was Rhode Island in- 
habited ? 

A. The ISTarragansetts. 

MARYLAND.— By whom settled ? 

A. By emigrants from England ; [1634.] 

Q. Of whom were the settlers of Maryland mostly 
wmposed ? 

A. Roman Catholics, who sought for re- 
ligious freedom. 

Q. To whom was Maryland granted ? 

A. To Cecil Calvert, whose title was 
Lord Baltimore. 

Q. What was secured to the colonists of Maryland ? 
A. Equality in civil and religious rights. 




MABTLAND. 



Q. How did these people treat with the Indians ? 

A. Tliey paid them for the land. 

Q. From whom did Maryland receive its name ? 

A. Henrietta Maria, then queen of Eng- 
land. 

NEW JERSEY.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the Dutch, at Bergen; [1620.] 

Q. To whom was the territory of New Jersey 
granted ? 

A. To Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
Carteret; [1664.] 

Q. Why was New Jersey so named ? 

A. In honor of Carteret, who had been 
governor of the Isle of Jersey. 

Q. How was New Jersey afterward divided ? 

A. Into East Jersey, belonging to Car- 
teret ; and West Jersey, belonging to Wil- 
liam Penn and two other Quakers. 

Q. To whom was East Jersey sold soon after ? 

A. To Penn and eleven other Quakers. 

Q. When was New Jersey united to New York ? 
A. In 1702, and continued so 36 years. 



10 MONTEITirs HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 




NEW JERSEY. 



LESSON XVI. 

DELAWAHE— By whom settled ? 

A. By the Swedes and Finns, fin 1638.] 

Q. To -whom was Delaware granted ? 

A. William Penn, [in 1682.] 





D£LAWAKE. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

PENNSYLVANIA.— By whom settled t 
A. By tlie Swedes, [in 1613.] 

Q. By whom was the first English settlement 
formed ? 

A. By Quakers, [in 1682.] 

Q. To whom did the King of England grant the 
land? 

A. "William Penn, who paid the Indians 
for all the land occnj)ied by his people. 

Q. What did the Indians think of the fair dealing 
of the Quakers. 

A. They held them in great respect for 
many years after. 

Q. What does the word Pennsylvania mean ? 

A. Penn's woods. 

NORTH CAROLINA. -By whom settled ? 
A. By emigrants from Virgmia, [about 
1650.] 

Q. When was South Carolina separated from North 
Carolina ? 

A. In 1693. 



SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, MAINE, &c, 



17 




SOUTH CAROLINA. 



LESSON XVII. 

SOUTH CAROLINA— By whom settled ? 

A. By the English, [in 1670.] 

Q. By whom were the settlers greatly disturbed ? 

A. By the Indians. 

GEORGIA.— Which of the original thirteen States 
was the last settled ? 

A. Georgia. 

Q. Mention the original thirteen States. 

A. Virginia, New York, New Jersey, 
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Mary- 
land, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, 
Pennsylvania, North CaroKna, South Caro- 
lina, and Georgia. 

Q. By whom was the first settlement formed ? 

A. By James Oglethorpe, [in 1733. J 

Q. When was slavery introduced into Georgia ? 

A. In 1749. 



MAINE.— By whom settled ? 

A. By emigrants from New Hampshire, 
[in 1630.] 

Q. From what did the settlers of Maine suffer ? 

A. From the incursions of the French 
and Indians. 

Q. When did Maine become a State ? 

A. In 1820. 

VERMONT.— By whom settled ? 

A. By emigrants from Massachusetts, 
[in 1724.] 

Q. By what States was Vermont long claimed ? 

A. New York and New Hampshire. 

Q. How was the dispute settled ? 
A. By its admission into the Union as a 
separate State, [in 1791.] 

TENNESSEE.— By whom settled ? 
A. By emigrants from North Carolina, 
[in 1757.] 

Q. When was Tennessee admitted into the Union ? 

A. In 1796. 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




KENTL'CKY. 



LESSON XVIIl. 

KENTUCKY.— By whom explored ? 

A. Daniel Boone, a daring hunter, [in 

1770.] 

Q. Of what did Kentucky form a part, previous to 
its admission into the Union ? 

A. Of Virginia. 

Q. By whom were the settlers of Kentucky greatly 
annoyed ? 

A. By the Indians. 

Q. When was Kentucky admitted into the Union ? 

A. In 1792. 

OHIO.— By whom settled ? 

A. By a, company from New England, 
[in 1788.] 

Q. By whom were the settlers of Ohio annoyed ? 

A. By the Indians, who defeated Gen- 
erals Ilarmer and St. Clair with great 
slaughter. 




LOUISIANA. 



Q By whom were the Indians afterward completely 

routed ? 

A. By Gen. Wayne, [in 1794.] 

Q. When did Ohio become a State ? 

A. In 1802. 

LOUISIANA.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the French, [in 1699.] 
Q. To what government did it belong ? 

A. To France. 

Q. How did the United States obtain pa:- session of 
Louisiana ? 

A. By purchase, [in 1803.] 

Q. Into what States and Territories has Louisiana 
been since di\'ided ? 

A. Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, 
Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, Nebraska, In- 
dian, and Dacotah. 

Q. When was the State of Louisiana formed ? 

A. In 1812. 

Q. From whom did it receive its name ? 

A. Louis XIV., then king of France. 



INDIANA, MISSISSIPPI, ILLINOIS, &c 



19 





LESSON XIX. 

INDIANA— By whom settled ? 
A. By tlie French, [in 1690.] 
Q. Who was sent against the Indians in 1811 ? 
A. General Harrison, wlio completely 
routed them at the battle of Tippecanoe. 

Q. When did Indiana become a State ? 

A. In 1816. 

MISSISSIPPI— By whom settled ? 

A. By the French, [in 1716.] 

Q. What Europeans first visited Mississippi ? 

A. De Soto and his followers, [in 1541.] 

Q. From what did the settlers suffer greatly ? 

A. Contests with the savages. 

Q. When was Mississippi admitted into the Union ? 

A. In 1817. 

ILLINOIS.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the French, [in 1683.] 

Q. When did it become a State ? 

A. In 1818. 



ALABAMA.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the French, [in 1702.] 

Q. When did Alabama become a State 

A. In 1819. 

MISSOURI.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the French, [in 1755.] 
Q. When did Missouri become a State ? 
A. In 1821. 

ARKANSAS.— By whom settled ? 
A. By the French, [in 1685.] 
Q. When did it become a State ? 
A. In 1836. 

MICHIGAN.— By whom settled ? 
A. By the French, [in 1670.] 

Q. When did the English obtain possession of it ? 

A. In 1763. 

Q. Who defeated the savages in 1813 ? 

A. General Harrison. 

Q. When did Michigan become a State ? 

A. In 1837. 



20 MONTEITIl'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

T 




LESSON XX. 

FLORIDA.— By whom settled ? 

A. By tlie Spaniards, at St. Augustine, 
[in 1565.] 

Q. How long did Florida belong to Spain ? 

A. About 250 years. 

Q. Who visited Florida previous to the settlement 
at St. Augustine ? 

A. Ponce de Leon, ISTarvaez, and De 
Soto ; all of whom perished in their expe- 
ditions. 

Q By whom was Florida purchased ? 

A. By the United States, from Spain, 

[in 1820.] 

Q. What war broke out in Florida soon after its 
purchase ? 

A. War against the Seminole Indians. 

Q. Where did most of the Indians go ? 
A. AVest of the Mississippi River. 
Q. When did Florida become a State ? 

A. In 1845. 



TEXAS. — Of what country did Texas form a part, 
previous to its independence ? 

A. Mexico. 

• Q. By whom was Texas chiefly settled ? 

A. By people from the United States, 
[in 1692.] 

Q. When did Texas become free from Mexico ? 

A. In 1835. 

Q. When was it admitted into the Union ? 

A. In 1845. 

Q What war soon followed its admission ? 

A. The war between the United States 
and Mexico, 

Q. What was the chief cause of the war ? 

A. The annexation of Texas. 

Q. What did Mexico recognize as the western 
boundary of Texas ? 

A. The ISTueces River. 

Q. What boundary was recognized by the United 
States ? 

A. Tlie Rio Grande ; which was finally 
settled upon. 



IOWA, WISCONSIN, CALIFORNIA, &c. 



21 




LESSON XXI, 

IOWA.— By whom settled ? 

A. By people from the United States, 
[about 1833.] 

Q. When did Iowa become a State ? 
A. In 1846. 

WISCONSIN. -By whom settled ? 
A. By the French, [in 1669.] 

Q. When did Wisconsin become a State ? 

A. In 1848. 

CALIFORNIA,— By whom settled ? 

A. By the Spaniards, [in 1768.] 

Q. Of what country was California a province ? 

A, Of Mexico. 

Q. When did it become a part of the United States ? 

A. In 1848; and became a State in 
1850. j 




NORTH CAROLINA. 

MINNESOTA. -When was Minnesota first visited 
by white men ? 

A. In 1654. 

Q. When was it organized ? 

A. As a Territory, in 1849; and, as a 
State, in 1858. 

OREGON.— When organized ? 

A. As a Territory, in 1848; and, as a 
State, in 

WASHINGTON. -From what formed ? 

A. Tlie northern part of Oregon^ 
Q. When organized ? 
A. As a Territory, in 1853. 
KANSAS.— When organized ? 
^. As a Territory, in 1854. 
NEBRASKA.— When organized ? 
A. As a Territory, in 1854. 
DACOTAH.— ^. From what formed ? 

A. Tlie western part of Minnesota. 



22 



MONTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




TOE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



HE V^I E^W. 



LESSON XXII. 

When did the Puritans land at Plymouth ? 

What position did John Ciirver hold ? 

Describe the sufferings of the Puritans ? 

What can you say about Roger Williams ? 

When did King Philip's war break out ? 

What other wars disturbed the colonists in Amer- 
ica? 

What colony first secured entire equality in civil and 
religious rights to the people ? 

What can you say of William Penn ? 

What three States were owned by Penn and other 
Quakers ? 

How many States were settled by the English ? 

How many by the French ? By the Spaniards ? 

What great annoyance did nearly all the colonies 
experience ? 

What State was last admitted ? 



LESSON XXIII. 

1753. — Q- Who were the parties engaged in this 
war ? 

A. Tlie Freucli and Lidiaus, against the 
British. 

Q. What was the cause of the Avar ? 

A. Dispnted territoiy. 

Q. Where had the French built forts ? 

A. Along tlie Ohio and Mississippi riv- 
ers, and the lakes. 

Q. Who was sent to request the French to with- 
draw ? 

A. Major George "Washington, at the 
age of 21 2 

Q. Where did Washington then reside ? 
A. In the eastern part of Virginia. 
Q. What was the direction of his journey ? 

A. Northwest, abont 400 miles, mostly 
throngh the wilderness. 

Q. By whom was Washington sent to the French ? 
A. By Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia. 

Q. What did the French commandant determine 
to do? 

A. To keep possession of the disputed 
territory. 

1764. — Q- What was the first action in this 
war? 

A. "Washington surprised and defeated 
a party of French under Dc Jumonville; 
[May 28.] 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 



23 




THE ENaLISa ATTACKED BY THE FBENCH AND INDIANS — DEFEAT OF BRADDOCK. 



LESSON XXIV. 

Q. What fort was built on tlie present site of Pitts 
burg? 

A. Fort Du Qiiesne, by the French. 

Q. What fort was erected by Washington ? 

A. Fort Necessity, where his troops, 
numbering 400, were attacked by 1500 
French ; [July 3,] 

Q. What was the result of the attack ? 

A. After a battle of ten hours, "W"asli 
ington was forced to surrender, but was 
allowed to return to Virginia. 

1755. — Q. What British general was sent against 
Fort Du Quesne in 1755 ? 

A. General Braddock, at the head of 
1200 select troops. 

Q. Who was one of his officers ? 
A. "Washington. 



Q. What happened to the army on its way ? 

A. When within ten miles of the fort, 
they were surprised by a body of French 
and Indians in ambuscade. 

Q. What was the result of the attack ? 

A. Braddock was killed, with nearly all 
his officers and one half of the troops ; 
[July 9.] 
• Q. Who was the only officer on horseback saved ? 

A. "Washington, under whom two horses 
were shot ; four bullets having i>assed 
through his coat. 

Q. What did General Johnson achieve at the south- 
em end of Lake George ? 

A. He defeated a large body of French 
and Indians; [September 8tli.] 

Q. Who was among the slain ? 

A. Baron Dieskau, the French com- 
mander-in-chief. 



24 



MONTEITII'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON XXV. 

1756.— Q- Who siicceeded Dieskau ? 

A. General Montcalm. 

Q. Who was appointed commander- 
in-chief of the British forces in Amer- 
ica ? 

A. Lord LiOndon, wlio was 
soon succeeded by General 
Abercrombie. 

Q. What town on Lake Ontario was 
taken by Montcalm, in 1756 ? 

A. Oswego ; [August 12tli.] 

1757.— <?• Wliat fort, was taken by 
Montcalm in 1757 ? 

A. Fort William Henry, near 
the southern point of Lake 
George ; [August 9th.] 

Q. From whom were they taken ? 
A. The British. 

Q. Wliat massacre attended the cap- 
ture of Fort William Henry ? 

A. Montcalm allowed the 
British to retire, but many 
were cruelly slain by the In- 
dians. 

1758, — Q- What posts were taken 
by the British during this year? 

A. Louisburg, Fort Du 
Quesne, and Fort Frontenac. 

Q. From whom were these taken ? 
A. The French. 




f}liere situated ? On or near what water ? 



Quebec ? Crown Point ? 

Heights of Abraham ? Ticonderoga ? 

Isle of Orleans ? Fort Wm. Henry ? 

Montreal ? Fort Edward ? 

Fort Frontenac ? Fort Niagara ? 



Fort Pitt or Du Quesne ? 
Oswego ? 
Schenectady ? 
Braddock's Field? 
Fort Stanwix ? 



The FRENCH and indian wak. 



25 



LESSON XX \n. 

Q. Who failed in the attempt to take Ticondcroga 
from the French ? 

A. General Abercrombie, who then lost 
2000 men; [July 8tli.] 

1759.— (?• In 1759, who commanded the three di 
visions of the British army ? 

A. Generals Amherst, Wolfe, and Pri- 
deaux. 

Q. What capture was made by the division under 
Pndeaux ? 

A. I^Jiagaia ; taken from the French and 
Indians; [Jiilj 25th. J 

Q. Who was among the killed ? 

A. General Prideaux. 

Q. What forts were taken by General Amherst ? 

A Ticcnderoga and Crown Ponit, with- 
out opposition. 




Q What was the most remarkable battle in the 
French and Indian war ? 

A. The capture of Quebec, by General 
Wolfe. 

Q. What is said of Quebec as regards its means of 
defense ? 

A. It is the most strongly fortified city 

in America. 

Q. How is Quebec situated ? 

A. In Canada, on the north side of the 
St. Lawrence Kiver. 

Q. What is the elevation of the upper town ? 

A. Nearly 350 feet al)ove the river, 

Q. What elevated plains adjoining Quebec? 

A. The Plains of Abraham. 



LESSON XXVII. 

Q. How did Wolfe and his army reach the Plains of 
Abraham ? 

A. At night they left their boats, and 
climbed the precii^ice to the Plains of 
Abraham. 

Q. When did the battle commence ? 

A. The following morning ; Sept. 13th. 

Q. How many men were engaged in the battle ? 

A. About 5000 on each side. 

Q. By whom were the two armies led ? 

A. The English, by Wolfe ; the French, 
by Montcalm. 

Q. Which army was successful ? 

A. The English, 

Q. What was the fate of Wolfe ? 

A. He was wounded three times, — the 
third, mortally. 



26 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Q. On receiving the last wound, what did Wolfe 
say to one of his officers ? 

A. " Support me ; let not my brave fel- 
lows see me fall." 



BATTLE OF QUEBEC — DEATH OF •WOLFE. 

Q. Where was peace concluded ? 

A. At Paris; [1763.] 

Q. What did France cede to Great Britain ? 



Q. While supporting Wolfe, what did the officer 
exclaim ? 

A. " They run, tliey ran !" 

Q. What were the dying words of Wolfe ? 

A. " Who run ?" he asked. " The 
French," replied the officer. " Then," ut- 
tei-ed Wolfe, " I die content," and expired 
on the field. 

Q. What was the fate of Montcalm ? 

A. He was twice wounded, — the second 
time, mortally. 

Q. When told he could live but a few hours, what 
did Montcalm reply ? 

A. ''So much the better; I shall not 
live to see the surrender of Quebec." 

Q. When did the French surrender all Canada to 
the British ? 

A. The following year, — 1760. 



A. Nearly all the Frencli possessions 
east of the Mississippi River. 




Vr.K'MoNT. 



THE FllEXCH AND INDIAN WAR, 



27 



LESSON XXVIII. 

BRITISH VICTORIES. 

j Wasliins;ton ov 



I Wa 
i I 



Ft. Wm 



.. Heury, s 



Louisburg, 
Ft. Frontenac, 
Du Quesne, 
Fort Niagara, 

Quebec, 



De Jumonvill 
Johnson over 

Diesk 
Amherst, 
Bradsti'eet, 
Forbes, 
Johnson, 
Wolfe over 

Montcahn 



;;"JMay28, 

rer ) 

. , } Sept. 8, 

leskau, ) ^ ' 



July 26, 
Aug. 27, 
Nov. 25, 
July 25, 

[ Sept 13, 



1754. 

1755. 

1758. 
1758. 
1758. 
1759. 

1759. 



Ft. Necessity, ] 



FRENCH VICTORIES. 

De Villiors over 
Washington, 
Near Fort du < French & Indians 

Quesne, ] over Braddocl 

Near Fort Ed- C l=>i«skau over Wil- 
"ward. 



[ July 

as) 
k,[j"^^ 



< liams and Hen- [ Sept. 8, 
( dricks, 



1754. 
1755. 

1755. 



Oswego, 



j Montcalm over 



ie, J 



( Abercrombie 
Ticonderoga, 



j Montcalm over 
i Abercrombie 



Aug. 12, 1756. 
1757. 
1758. 



.^jjuly 8, 



R E ^^ I E ^V. 

LESSON XXII. 

What was the cause of the French and Indian war ? 
For what purpose was Washington sent to the French 
commander i 

What was the determination of the French com- 
mander ? 

Who was sent to maintain the claims of the English ? 

What was the result of he first action ? 

What was the result of the second action ? 

What British general was sent against the French ? 

Against what fort did he march ? 



What ivas the fate of Braddock ? 
What can you say of Washington in connection with 
this attack ? 

By whom were the French and Indians defeated at 
Lake George, in 1755 ? 

What was the fate of Dieskau ? 

Wliat position did Montcalm hold in the French and 
Indian war ? 

AVho was commander-in-chief of the British forces ? 
Who succeeded Loudon ? 
By whom Avas Oswego taken, and when ? 
By whom was Fort William Henry taken, in 1757 ? 
What three victories had the British in 1758? 
What loss did the British meet with, in the same 
3'ear ? 

What three generals commanded the British, in 1759 ? 
What post was taken by each ? 
What was the fate of Prideaux ? Of Wolfe ? 
What can you say of Quebec ? 
Who commanded the French at Quebec ? 
What was the fate of Montcalm ? 
What were the dying words of Wolfe ? 
What surrender was made in 1760? 
Where was peace concluded ? 

What French possessions were ceded to Great Brit- 
ain ? 




28 MONTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



LESSON XXX. 

Q. How long has this country been a republic ? 

A. About eighty years. 

Q. To what government was it subject before its 
independence ? 

A. Great Britain. 

Q. What was the number of the colonies ? 

A. Tliirteen. 

Q. What were the chief causes of the American 
Revolution ? 

A. Tlie colonists were unjustly taxed, 
and were denied the privilege of sending 
representatives to parliament. 

Q. For what purpose was this unjust tax laid ? 

A. To defray the expenses incurred by 
the British government in the French and 
Indian war. 

Q. Upon what article was the tax first imposed ? 

A. Upon paper used for bonds, deeds, 
pamphlets, &c. 

Q. How was such paper to be distinguished from 
other ? 

A. It was stamped. 

Q. How was this law designated ? 

A. The Stamj) Act. 

Q. When, and by whom, was the Stamp Act passed ? 

A. In 1765, by the British parliament, 
at London. 

Q. Who was then king of England ? 

A. George III. 




UNITED STATES 



Q. How did the Americans receive the passage of 
the Stamp Act ? 

A. They were indignant, and refused to 
submit to it. 



LESSON XXXI. 

Q. Who distinguished himself by his opposition to 
the Stamp Act, in Virginia ? 

A. Patrick Henry, with boldness and 
eloquence. 

Q. What meeting was called by Massachusetts ? 

A. The first Congress, composed of dele- 
gates from nearly all the colonies. 
Q. Where did the first Congress meet ? 

A. At New York, [October, 1765. J 

Q. What was done by Congress? 

A. Congress agreed on a Declaration 
OF TliGnxs, and sent petitions to the king 
and parliament. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 



29 



Q. When did the Stamp Act take effect ? 

A. November, lT65o 

Q. What was the result of the opposition to the 
Stamp Act ? 

A. It was repealed ; [March, 1766.] 

Q What was the second attempt to tax America ? 

A. Duty was laid [in 176 7] on all tea, 
glass, paper, and painters' colors, wliicli 
sliould be imported into the colonies. 

Q. Did the Americans submit to tliis law ? 

A. They did not, bnt openly resisted. 

Q. What change did the opposition effect ? 

■A. The dnty was removed, except three 
pence a pound on tea. 

Q. Did the Americans pay the duty on tea ? 

A. They did not ; they either destroyed 
it, or prevented its sale. 

Q. What was done with the tea at the port of Boston ? 

A. Several Americans, disguised as In- 
dians, seized nearly 350 chests of tea, and 
emptied the contents into the harbor. 

Q What was the effect of the opposition by the 

Americans ? 

A. British troops were ordered to re- 
duce them to submission. 

Q. What measures did the Americans adopt for de- 
fense f 

A, They raised armies, 

Q. Did all the Americans favor the Revolution ? 

A. Tliey did not 

Q. What were those Americans called who favored 
the king, and opposed the patriots ? 

A. Tories, 

Q. By what British general was the war com- 
menced i" 

A. General Gage, in Massachusetts. 



X. 




LESSON XXXII. 

1775.—^. Where was the first battle fought ? 

A. At Lexington, in Massachusetts ; 
[April 18th, 1775.] 

Q. How many were killed ? 

A. Eight Americans, 

Q. Where did the British go, immediately after the 
battle of Lexington ? 

A. To Concord and Boston. 

Q. How were the British annoyed when retreating 
to Boston ? 

A. They were pursued, and fired upon 

by the Americans. 

Q. What was the loss on both sides ? 

A. Kinety Americans, and 280 British. 

Q. What two forts were captured by the Ameri- 
cans, in May, 1775 ? 

A. Ticonderoga and Crown Point, by 

volunteers under Ethan Allen and Benedict 

Arnold. 



MONTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 




THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. 



LESSON XXXIIL 

1775. — ^' What increase was made to the British 
forces ? 

A. Generals Howe, Clinton, and Biir- 
goyne, urrived witli reinforcements from 
England. 

Q. What great battle ■was fought near Boston ? 

A. The battle of Bunker Hill, [June 
ITtli, 1775 } 

Q What was the size of each army in that battle ? 

A The Americans, 1500 ; the British, 
3000 

Q What was the loss in killed and wounded ? 

A The Americans, 450 ; the British, 
1000. 

Q. Wliat American general was killed at the battle 
of r.uuker Hill ? 

A. General Warren. 

Q. Who were the commanders in this battle ? 
A. Colonel Prescott of the Americans, 
and General Howe of the British. 



Q. What town near Boston was burned by the 
British ? 

A. Charlestown 

Q. Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
American forces ? 

A. George Washington ; [June 15th.J 

Q. By whom was he appointed ? 

A. By the American Congress, assem- 
bled at Philadelphia. 

Q What other American generals were then ap- 
pointed ? 

A. Generals Ward, Lee, Sclniyler, Put- 
nam, and Gates. 

Q. Of what age was Washington when appointed ? 
A. Forty-three years. 

Q. Where did Washington take command of the 
army ? 

A. At Cambridge, near Boston ; [July 
3d.] 

Q. What was the size of the American army at that 
time ? 

^1. fourteen thousand men. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 




BUSTOiV AND ITS VICINITY. 



LESSON XXXIY. 

Q. What American general entered Canada ? 

A. General Montgomery. 

Q. What towns surrendered to Montgomery ? 

A. St Jolin's and Montreal ; [Nov.] 

Q. What city did Montgomery then attack ? 

A. Quebec. 

Q. Who joined Montgomery at Quebec? 

A. General Arnold, at the head of an 
American force, [December 1st.] 

Q. How many Americans, under Montgomery and 
Arnold, attempted the capture of Quebec ? 

A. About 900. 

Q. By whom was Quebec defended ? 

A. By 1500 British, under Governor 
Carleton. 

Q. What was the fate of Montgomery ? 

A. He was killed by the discharge of a 
cannon, while ascending the heights. 



Q. What happened to Arnold ? 

A. He was wounded, and removed from 
the field. 

Q. Were the Americans successful at Quebec ? 

A. They were not. 



LESSON XXXV. 
BATTLES AXD CAPTURES I\ 1775. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 

\ Allen and Arnold 



Ticonderoga, 

Cro'wn Point, 
Fort Chambly, 

St. John's, 
Montreal, 



w 



over De la Place 
Warner, 
Montgomerj', 



j Montgomery over ) 
( Preston. \ 

( Montgomery over < 



Lexington, 
Bunker Hill, 

Quebec, 



i Carleton, 

BRITISH VICTORIES. 

Howe over Prescott 
\ Carleton over Mont- 
( gomery, 



May 12. 

May 10. 
Oct 13. 

Nov. 3. 
Nov. 13. 

April 19. 
June 17. 

Dec. 31. 




32 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



REV^IE^V^ OF 1775. 



LESSON XXXVI. 

state the cause of the American Revolutiou ? 

What articles were iirst taxed ? 

"What was the "Stamp Act?" 

Where and hy whom was the Stamp Act passed ? 

How did the Americans act in relation to the law ? 

What can you say of Patrick Henry ? 

What meeting was held in New York in 17G5 ? 

What did Congress agree on ? 

Did the Stamp Act continue in force ? 

What unjust law was passed by Great Britain soon 
after the repeal of the Stamp Act ? 

How did the Americans act concerning it ? 

What was the result of their opposition ? 

Where and when was the first battle fought ? 

What posts were captured by the Americans, in May, 
1775 ? By whom ? 

What British generals arrived from England ? 

For what is June 17, 1775, memorable ? 

What can you say of the battle of Bunker Hill ? 

Who were the commanders ? 

What was the fote of General Warren ? 

What was done to Charlestown ? 

When was Washington appointed commander-in- 
chief ? 

Where and when did he take command ? 

Upon what expedition did Gen. Montgomery proceed? 

What towns in Canada surrendered to Montgomery ? 

Who attempted the capture of Quebec ? 

By whom was Montgomery joined at Quebec ? 

What was the fate of Jlontgomery ? 



LESSON XXXVII. 

1776. — Q- Where was the British army at the com- 
mencement of this year ? 

A. In Boston and its vicinity. 

Q. Who succeeded General Gage in the command 
of the British ? 




A. General Howe. 

Q. Who occupied Dorchester Heights, near Boston ? 

A. The American army, under "Wash- 
ington. 

Q. What were the British obliged to do in conse- 
quence ? 

A. They left Boston in possession of the 
Americans, and sailed for Halifax. 

Q. Where did Washington and his army then go ? 

A. To New York. 

Q. What gity in the South was attacked during this 
year ? 

A. Charleston ; [Jnne 2Sth.] 

Q. Who commanded the British vessels that made 
the attack ? 

A. Sir Peter Parker. 

Q. Who commanded the fort which defended 
Charleston ? 

A. Colonel Moultrie. 

Q. AV'iio were successful ? 

A. The Americans. 

Q. What was the loss on both sides ? 

A. The Americans had 10 killed and 22 
wonnded ; the British lost 200. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



33 



LESSOR XXXVIII. 

Q. When was the Declaration of 
Independence agreed to ? 

A. On the 4tli of July, 1776, 
by the Aineriean Congress. 

Q Where was Congress then assem 
bled ? 
A. At Phihidelphia. 

Q By whom was the Declaration of 
Independence drawn up ? 

A. By Thomas Jeiferson, 
who afterward became Presi- 
dent of the United States. 

Q. What did Congress declare ? 

A. lliat tlie American colo- 
nies were " Fkee and Inde- 
pendent States."- 

Q. What did the signers of the Dec- 
laration pledge in its suj^port ? 

A. " Their lives, their' for- 
tunes, and their sacred honorP 

Where situated ? On or near ichat 
water ? 



Boston ? 
Charlestown ? 
Cambridge ? 
Banker Hill ? 



New York ? 
Brooklyn ? 
Jamaica ? 
Gravesend ? 
New Utrecht ? 
Harlem Heights ? Fort Lee 
Paulus Hook ? 



Breed's Hill? 
Roxbury ? 
Dorchester ? 
Dorchester Heights ? 

Westchester ? 
Etist Chester ? 
New Eochelle ? 
White Plains ? 
Fort Washington ? 




Newark ? 
New Brunswick ? 
Princeton ? 
Trenton ? 
Philadelphia ? 



Germantown ? 

Pied Bank, or Ft. Mercer ? 

Fort Mifflin ? 

Valley Forge ? 

Monmouth ? 



Charleston ? 



Crown Point ? 
Ticonderoga ? 



Fort Moultrie ? 
Fort Johnson ? 



Fort Edward ? 
Saratoga ? 



Morristown ? 



Stillwater ? 



3-t 



MONTElTirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 



LESSON XXXIX. 

Q. la July, 1776, where were the two armies, 
chiefly ? 

A. The Americans occupied ISTew York 
and Brooklyn ; tlie Britisli, Staten Island. 

Q. By whom was Genei-al Howe joined at Stateu 
Island ? 

A. By Ills brother, Lord Howe. 

Q. What was the size of the armies ? 

A. The Americans, 17,000 ; the British, 
35,000. 

Q. Who commanded the Americans at Brooklyn ? 

A. General Putnam. 

Q. When were the Americans attacked at Brooklyn ? 
A. August 27th, by fhe British, who 
crossed over from Staten Island. 

Q. What British generals were engaged in this 
battle ? 

A. Clinton, Percy, Cornwallis, Grant, 
and De Heister. 

Q. What was the loss on each side ? 

A. The Americans lost over 1000 ; the 
British, 400. 

Q. How were the other Americans at Brooklyn 
saved ? 

A. Tliey were withdrawn in the night, 
by Washington. 

Q. What was Washington then obliged to do ? 

A. To retreat ; being closely pursued by 
the British, under Howe. 

Q. In what direction did W^ashington go ? 

A. jSTorth, by way of Harlem, "White 
Plams, and North Castle ; then southwest, 
through New Jersey to the Pennsylvania 
side of the Delaware River, 



Q. What battle was fought during this retreat ? 

^. Tlie battle of AVhite Plains, [Octo- 
ber 28th.] 

Q. What two forts on the Hudson were taken by 
the British, 

A. Forts Washington and Lee. 

Q. Which fort was bravely defended by the Ameri- 
cans ? 

A. Fort Washington, where over 1000 
British were killed ; [November 16th.] 

Q. By whom was Fort Washington defended ? 

A. Colonel Magaw, at the head of 2700 
Americans, who, after a severe engage- 
ment, M^ere forced to surrender to General 
Howe. 

Q. What capture was made by Washington, at 
Trenton ? 

A. He surprised and made prisoners 
1000 Hessians, [December 2Gth.] 



LESSON XL. 



BATTLES A^D lAPTURES DUEL\G 1776. 



Boston, 



AMERICAN VICTORIES. 
( Washington over 



} Mil 

i-e, ) 

rer ) 

Parker, ) 

_ S Washington over ) „ 

Trenton, \ ° ^ ,A Dec. 2G. 

( Eahl, ) 



( How 

„ ,, ,^ . I Moultrie over 

Fort Moultrie, •< 



Mar. 17. 
June 28. 



BRITISH VICTORIES. 

Long Island, Howe over Putnam, Aug. 27. 

< Howe over 



White Plains, 



Out. 28. 



i Washington, 

Fort Washington, Howe over Magaw, Nov. 16. 
^ Fort Lee, Cornwallis, Nov. 18. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



35 



IIEV^IE^V\^ OF 1776. 



LESSON XLI. 

Who occupied Boston in the beginning of 177G ? 

Who toolc command of the British ? 

Where were the Americans at tliat time ? 

Did the British maintain possession of Boston ? 

Where did the British go after leaving Boston ? 

Wliere did Washington then go ? 

What attacli was made in the South ? 

Wlio were the commanders ? 

What was tlie result of the attack on Fort Moultrie ? 

Why is the Fourth of July celebrated by the Ameri- 
cans ? 

What can yon say of Tliomas Jefferson ? 

Where were the two armies in July of this year ? 

What was the size of each army ? 

What and when was the second battle in 1776 ? 

Who were successful ? 

State the loss on each side. 

Where did the Americans go after the battle of Long 
Island ? 

What occurred at White Plains ? — At Fort Washing- 
ton ? 

What important success had Washington in Decem- 
ber ? 



LESSON XLII. 

1777. — Q- What victory soon followed that at 

Trenton ? 

A. The battle of Princeton; [January 

3d.] 

Q. Who commanded the Americans at Princeton ? 
vi. Washington. 
Q. What American general was among tire killed ? 

A. General Mercer. 

Q. By whom was Washington piusued, after the 
battle of Princeton ? 

A. By Cornwallis, who obliged him to 
retreat. 



Q. Where did Washington pass the winter, in the 
beginning of 1777 ? 

A. At Morristown, iN'ew Jersey. 

Q. Where were the winter quarters of the British ? 

A. At New York. 

Q. Where was the battle of Brandy wine fought ? 
A, At Chad's Ford, on Brandy wine 
Creek, in the southeastern part of Penn- 
sylvania ; [September 11th.] 

Q. Who were the commanders in this battle ? 
A. Washington and Howe. 
Q. Who were successful ? 
A. The British. 
Q. What was the loss on each side ? 

A. The Americans lost 1300; the Brit- 
ish, 500. 

Q. What two distinguished foreigners assisted the 
Americans in the battle of Brandywine ? 

A. Lafayette, of France ; and Pulaski, 
of Poland. 

Q. To what city did Washington retreat, after the 
battle of Brandywine ? 

A. Philadelphia. 

Q. Did Washington hold Philadelphia ? 

A. He relinquished the city to General 
Howe, who entered it, [September 26th,] 

Q. To what city liad Congress adjourned ? 

A. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 

Q. Where did Washington attack the British, soon 
after his retreat from Philadelphia ? 

A. At Germantown, now a part of Phil- 
adelphia ; [October 4th.J 

Q. What was the result of the attack at German- 
town ? 

A. The Americans were defeated, hav- 
ing lost 1200 ; the British, 500. 



36 



MONTEITII'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




THi: B1MI3H ENCAMP ME-ST. 



THE AME1UCAN3 AT VAILEY FOKGE. 



LESSON XL III. 

Q. What two forts on the Delaware were held by 
the Americans ? 

A. Forts Mercer and Mifflin. 

Q. What was the result of the attack on Fort Mer- 
cer ? 

A. The Hessians, nnder Colonel Donop, 
were reinilsed with a loss of 400 men ; the 
Americans lost about 30 ; [October 22d.] 

Q. Did the BriUsh finallj' capture these two forts ? 

A. They did. 

Q. Where did Washington pass the winter, at the 
close of 1777 ? 

A. At Yalley Forge, twenty miles west 
of Philadelphia, where they suffered great- 
ly from cold, hunger, and sickness. 

Q. What can j'ou saj' of the Britisli army ? 

A. It consisted of regularly trained sol- 
diers, whose wants were well provided for. 



Q. Of whom was the American army mostly com- 
posed ? 

A. Of men who went from their farms 
and workshops, never having been trained 
as soldiers. 

Q. Were the Americans as well supplied with 
clothes, ammunition, &c. , as the British ? 

A. Tliey were not ; many in mid-winter 
marched through deej) snow, without coats, 
shoes, or stockings. 

Q. Who invaded the United States from Canada ? 

A. General Burgoyne, at the head of 
10,000 British and Indians. 

Q. What was the route of Burgoyne ? 

A. By way of Lake Champlain and the 
Hudson Iliver ? 

Q. Wliat fort on Lake Champlain did Burgoyne 
take ? 

A. Ticonderoga, which was suddenly 
abandoned by General St. Clair and 3000 
Americans. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 



37 



Q. Did the British pursue the Americans 

A. They did, and tlie Americans lost 
1000 men. 



Q. Wlrat was the loss on both sides ? 

A. The British, 900 ; the Americans, 400. 



LESSON XLIV. 

Q. What did Colonel Baum attempt ? 

A. He was sent by Burgoyne to seize the 
American stores at Bennington, Vermont. 

Q. What was the result of his attempt ? 

A. lie was met by General Stark and a 
body of militia ; — Colonel Baum M^as killed 
and his party defeated ; [August 16th.] 

Q. What other action occurred on the same day, 
and at the same place ? 

A. A British reinforcement, under Col- 
onel Breyman, was defeated by Colonel 
Warner and the Green Mountain Boys. 

Q. What was the loss in the two engagements ? 

A. Tlie British, 700 ; the Americans, 
100. 

Q. Who commanded the northern division of the 
American army ? 

A. General Gates, wlio succeeded Gen- 
eral Schuyler. 

Q. Who commanded the northern division of the 
British army ? 

A. General Burgoyne. 

Q.- What two battles were fought by Gates and 
Burgoyne ? 

A. Tlie battles of Stillwater, 22 miles 
north of Albany, [September 19th and 
October Tth.] 

Q. Who were successful ? 

A. Tlie Americans. 



LESSON XLV. 

Q. What was Burgoyne obliged to do at Saratoga ? 

A. Burgoyne, with nearly 0000 British, 
surrendered to General Gates, at Saratoga ; 
[October 17th.] 

Q. What agreement was rnade ? 

A. Tliat the British, under Burgoyne, 
should give up their cannons and muskets 
to the Americans, return to England, and 
engage no more in the war. 

Q. What Polish hero served as chief engineer in the 
army of Gates ? 

A. Kosciusko. 

Q. Who had started from New York to assist Bur- 
goyne ? 

A. General Clinton, with 3000 men. 

Q. How far had Clinton proceeded when Burgoyne 
surrendered ? 

A. Up the Hudson, as far as the village 
of Esopus, now Kingston, which he burned ; 
[October 15th.] 

Q. What forts on the Hudson did he capture from 
the Americans ? 

A. Forts Clinton and Montgomery ; 
[October 6th.] 

Q. Where did Clinton go, upon hearing of Bur- 
goyne 's defeat ? 

A. He returned to Ncav York. 

Q: Did the British retain possession of Ticonderoga, 
after the surrender of Burgoyne ? 

A. Tliey did not, but returned to Can- 
ada. 



MONTEITirS IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES, 




LESSON XLVI, 



BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING 1777. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 



Princeton, 

Bennington, 

Bennington, 

Stillwater, 
Stillwater, 
Fort Mercer, 



( Wasbinston over ) ^ „ 

< , > Jan. 3. 

( Mawliood, ) 



Stark over Baiira, 



( Warn 



er over 

Breynian 



i 



Aug. 16. 
Aiisr. 16. 



Gates over Biugoyne, Sept. 19. 
Gates over Burgoyne, Oct. 7. 
Greene over Donop, Oct. 22. 



REA^IE^V OF 1777. 



LESSON XLVII. 

When was the battle of Princeton fought ? 

What important capture was made, just before the 
battle of Princeton ? 

Who were successful at Princeton ? 

Why did Washington retreat after the battle ? 

Where did the two armies pass the winter of 1777 ? 

When was the battle of Brandywine fought ? 

Who were the commanders at that battle ? 

State the result of the battle of Brandywine. 

What battle was fought soon after that of Brandy- 
wine ? 

By whom was the attack made ? 

Who were successful at Germantown ? 

What forts on the Delaware were taken by the 
British ? 

For what is Valley Forge noted ? 

From what direction did Burgoyne enter the United 
States ? 

What losses were sustained by the Americans ? 

Describe the battle of Bennington ? 

Who succeeded Schuyler in command of the northern 
army of the Americans ? 

Where and when were battles fought by Gates and 
Burgoyne ? 

What .successes attended the Americans ? 

What were the terms of Burgoyne's surrender .' 

To whom did he surrender ? 

What station did Kosciusko fill in the army of Gates ? 

For what purpose did Clinton leave New York, just 
before Burgoyne's defeat ? 

What direction did Clinton take ? 

What did he accomplish at that time ? 



BRITISH VICTORIES. 



Brandywine, 

Germantown, 

Fort Mifflin, 
Fort Mercer, 



<lIowe over ) So it 11 

( Wasliington, J *" * ' 

{ Howe over ) ^ . 

] ...,., \ Oct. 4. 

( Washmgton. ) 



Abandoned by the 
Americans, 



Nov. 16. 
Nov. 18. 



LESSON XLVIII. 

1778. — Q- What government assisted the Americans 
in the Revolution ? 

A. Fi'cance. 

Q. Where was the treat)' of alliance formed ? 

A. At Paris, [February 6th, 1778.] 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 



39 



Q. By whom was the treaty signed, on behalf of 
the Americans ? 

A. Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and 
Artliur Lee. 

Q. When was the treaty ratified by Congress ? 

A. May 4th, 1778. 

Q. What attempt to eifect a settlement was made 
by the British government ? 

A. England sent commissioners to Amer- 
ica for that pm'pose 

Q. Were their offers received by Congress ? 
A. Tliey were promj)tly rejected. 
Q. What assistance was sent by France ? 

A. A French fleet, mider Count D'Es- 
taing. 

Q. Who succeeded Greneral Howe in command of 
the British ? 

A. General Clinton. 

Q. Where did Clinton concentrate his forces, in 
June, 1778 ? 

A. At ITew York. 

Q. When did the British evacuate Philadelphia ? 

A. June 18th, 1778 ; having held it for 
about nine months. 

Q. Where did Congress meet while the British held 
Philadelphia ? 

A. At Lancaster and York, Pennsylvania. 

Q. What was the first battle iu 1778 ? 

A. Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, 
[June 28th.] 

Q. Describe the battle of Monmouth. 

A. Tlie battle was commenced by Gen- 
eral Lee, who was soon forced to retreat ; 
but "Washington and the main body of his 
army coming up, the British left the field. 



LESSON XLIX. 

Q. After the battle of Monmouth, where did the 
two armies go ? 

A. The Americans, to "Wliite Plains ; 
the British, to IS'ew York. 

Q. What victory was gained in Rhode Island, by 
the Americans ? 

A. The victory of General Sullivan over 
General Pigot, [August 29t]i.] 

Q. What massacre occurred in July, 1778 ? 

A. The massacre of Wyoming, in Penn- 
sylvania, by 1600 Tories and Indians led 
by Colonel John Butler, who was noted 
for his cruelty 5 [July 3d.] 

Q^ What cruelties were perpetrated at Wyoming ? 

A. The patriots' hous.es were burned, 

and their families barbarously murdered. 

Q. Where were similar cruelties committed iu No- 
vember ? 

A. At Cherry Yalley, New York 

Q. What city in Georgia was taken by the British ? 

A. Savannah, by 2000 British under 
Colonel Campbell ; [December 29th.] 

Q. By what American officer was Savannah defended ? 

A. General Pobert Howe. 

Q. Who preceded Clinton in command of the Brit- 
ish ? 

A. General Sir "William Howe 

Q. Who commanded the British squadron in Amer- 
ica ? 

A. Lord Howe, brother of General Sir 
"William Howe. 

Q. Where did Washington retire to winter quarters, 
in the autumn of 1778 ? 

A. To Middlebrook, New Jei'sey. 



40 



MONTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



LESSOK L. 



BATTLES DURING 1778. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 

( Washiniiton over ) ^ „„ 
Monmouth, < ° } June 28. 

( Clinton, ) 

Rhode Island, Sullivan over Pigot, Aug. 29. 

BRITISH VICTORIES. 

___ . ( Jolni Butler over ) ^ i « 

Wyonung, j Zebulon Butlerj ^''^'' '■ 



Savaruiah, 



CiimpbfU over Howe, Dec. 29. 



HEVIE^V OF 1778. 



LESSON LI. 

What treaty was formed in February, 1778 ? 

What step did England take to put an end to the 
war ? 

Who took command of the Briti.sh ? 

Who preceded Clinton ? 

What forces were concentrated at New York in June 
of this year ? 

What city did the British then evacuate ? 

When was the battle of Monmouth fought ? 

Describe the battle of Monmouth. 

What victory was won by the Americans, August 
29th? 

When and by whom was tlie massacre of Wyoming 
committed ? 

By whom was Savannah taken ? 

What city did General Robert Howe defend, in tlie 
Revolution ? 

What command had General Sir William Howe ? 

What command had Lord Howe ? 

In what year did Washington pass the winter at 
Middlebrook ? 




LESSON LII. 

1779. — Q- Who took command of the troops in the 
South ? 

A. General Lincoln of the Americans, 
and General Prevost of the British. 

Q. Where were Washington and Clinton ? 

A. In the Northern States ? 
Q. What success did the Americans meet with in 
February ? 

A. Colonel Pickens, at the head of a 
party of South Carolina militia, totally de- 
feated a band of tories under Colonel Boyd ; 
[February 14th.] 

Q. Whom did General Lincoln send to take a posi- 
tion on Brier Creek, in Georgia ? 

A. General Ash, with 2000 Americans. 

Q. What was the fate of the Americans under Ash ? 

A. Tliey were siirprised and defeated by 
the British, under General Prevost, [March 
3d.] Tlie Americans lost 1600. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 



41 



Q. Against what city did Provost 
march, after the battle of Brier Creeli ? 

A. Cbai-leston ; but, as lie 
was preparing an attack, Lin- 
coln appeared, and the British 

withdrew ; [May lltli.] 

Q. Wliat battle was fought near 
Charleston ? 

A. The battle of Stono Fer- 
ry, in which the Americans, 
under Lin3oln, were defeated ; 
[June 20tli.] 

Q. What cruelties wore perpetrated 
by Governor Tryon ? 

A. Governor Tryon, with a 
body of British, plundered and 
burned the villages of East 
Haven, Fairfield, and ISlor- 
walk, in Connecticut ; [July.] 

Q. What two posts on the Hudson 
were surrendered by the Americans, 
during 1779 ? 

A. Stony Point and Yer- 
planck's Point, to Clinton; 
[Jtme.] 

Q. By whom was Stony Point re- 
gained for the Americans ? 

A. By General Wayne, after 
a severe contest at midnight ; 
[July 15th.] 

Q. What success did the Americans 
meet with at Paulus Hook ? 

A. Major Lee captured the 
British garrison, taking 160 
prisoners; [July 19th.] 




Guilford ? 
Cowpens ? 
Wilmington ? 
Fort Granby ? 
Monk's Corner? 



Where situated ? 

Hillsborough ? 
Waxhaw Creek ? 
Camden ? 
Augusta ? 
Charleston ? 



King's Mountdn ? 
Hanging Rock ? 
Ninety-six ? 
Eutaw Springs ? 
Savannah ? 



42 



MONTEITH'S HISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



LESSON LIII. 

Q. Who was sent to check the incursions of the 
Tories and Indians ? 

A. General Sullivan, witli 4600 /Vmeri- 
cans. 

Q. What was the result of Sullivan's expedition ? 

A. He defeated the enemy at tlie battle 
of Chemung, destroyed 40 Indian villages, 
and completely routed the Indians. 

Q. What attempt was made to recover Savannah 
from the British ? 

A. It was besieged by 1000 Americans 
under Lincoln, and 3000 French under 
Count d'Estaing ; [September.] 

Q. What was the result of the attack ? 

A. The Americans and French assaulted 
Savannah; but, after a desperate battle, 
were repulsed with a loss of over 1100 
men ; [October 9th.] 

Q. What Polish nobleman was mortally wounded 
durhig the assault ? 

A.^ Count Pulaski, who zealously de- 
fended the cause of the Americans. 

Q. What celebrated naval battle was fought in 
1779? 

A. Paul Jones, commander of a flotilla 
of French and American vessels, captured 
two English vessels of war, oif the coast of 
Scotland ; [Sej)tember 23d.] 

Q. Between what two vessels was the battle chiefly 
fought ? 

A. The Bon Homme Richard, and the 
English vessel Serapis. 



Q. What was the result of the battle ? 

A. After a very severe engagement, 
Jones defeated the British and captured 
their vessels. 

Q. How many men did Jones lose in the battle ? 

A. Out of 375, there were 300 killed. 

Q. Where did the Americans retire to winter quar- 
ters, at the close of 1779 ? 

A. One division, with Washington, to 

Morristown, New Jersey ; another, to West 

Point ; and the third, with Lincoln, to 

Sheldon. 



LESSON LIY. 



BATTLES DIRIM 1779. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 
Near Augusta, Pickens over Boyd, Feb. 14. 



Stony Point, 
Paulus Hook, 

Chemung, 

Near Scotland, 



Wayne over Vaughan, July 15. 

Lee, July 19. 
(Sullivan over ) 
( Johnson, 5 "' 

Jones over Pearson, Sept. 23. 



BRITISH VICTORIES. 

Brier Creek, Prevost over Ash, March 3. 

Stono Ferry, Prevost over Lincoln, June 20. 

Savannah. Prevost over Lincoln, Oct. 9. 



HEA^IE^^ OF 1779 



LESSON LV. 

Who commanded the armies in 1779 ? 
What victory was won by Colonel Pickens ? 
Was Pickens in the British or American army ? 
Describe the defeat of General Ash. 
What attempt was made by the British against 
Charleston ? 

What was the result of the battle of Stono Ferry ? 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



43 



What villages were burned ia Connecticut, during 
1779 ?— By whom ? 

What was done at Stony Point and Verplanck's Point, 
in June ? 

What victory was won by General Wayne, July 15th ? 

What victory was won bj' Major Lee, July 19th ? 

What success did General Sullivan meet with in Au- 
gust ? 

In which army were Wayne, Lee, and Sullivan ? 

Describe the siege of Savannah. 

Who defended the city ? 

What victory was won by Paul Jones for the Ameri- 
cans ? 

Give an account of the battle. 

Where were the winter quarters of the Americans ? 



LESSON LVI. 

1780. — Q- Where were the military operations 
mostly carried on during 1780 .' 

A. In South Carolina. 

Q. What city was besieged ? 

A. Charleston, by Clinton, [April 1st.] 

Q. By whom was the city defended ? 

A. By General Lincoln. 

Q. What was the result of the siege ? 

A. Lincoln, being surrounded by the 
British, was forced to surrender his troops, 
2000 in number, prisoners of war ; [May 
12th.] 

Q. What occurred at Monk's Corner, during the 
siege of Charleston ? 

A. A party of British, under Colonels 
Tarleton, Webster, and Ferguson, surprised 
and defeated a detachment of Americans 
under General Iluger. 



Q. Who succeeded Lincoln in the command of the 
troops at the South ? 

A. General Gates. 

Q. Who took command of the British in the South ? 

A. Lord Cornwallis. 

Q. What massacre occurred in May of 1780 ? 

A. Colonel Tarleton, and a body of Brit- 
ish, surprised and massacred 400 Ameri- 
cans, under Colonel Buford, at Waxliaw 
Creek, after they had surrendered; [May 
29th.] 

Q. What success attended the Americans, in Au- 
gust ? 

A. Colonel Sumpter attacked and de- 
stroyed a regiment of British and Tories, at 
Hanging Rock ; [August Gth.] 

Q. Where was the first battle fought by Gates in 
the South ? 

A. On Sanders Creek, near Camden, 
South Carolina; [August 16th.] 

Q. Who were victorious at the battle of Camden ? 
A. The British, under Cornwallis. 

Q. What loss did the Americans sustain in this 
battle ? 

A. About 2000 men. 

Q. What German officer, assisting the Americans, 
was mortally wounded ? 

A. Baron de Kalb. 

Q. To what place did Gates retreat, after the battle 
of Camden ? 

A. To Hillsboro, North Carolina. 

Q. What defeat followed, two days afterward ? 

A. Colonel Sumpter and 300 Americans 
were surprised by Tarleton ; Sumpter and 
a few of his men only escaped ; [August 
18th.] 



44 



MONTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



LESSON LVII. 

Q. "\^hat victory was gained by the Americans in 
October ? 

A. Colonel Campbell defeated the Brit- 
ish and Tories under Colonel Ferguson, at 
King's Mountain, [October 7th.] 

Q. state the loss on both sides. 

A. Ferguson was slain, and 300 British 
and Tories were killed and w<.)unded ; the 
Americans lost but 20. 

Q. Ilad General Gates been successful in the South ? 

A. lie had not; and, in consequence, 
was superseded by General Greene; [De- 
cember 2d.] 

Q. What fleet and troops came to the Americans' 
assistance in July ? 

A . A fleet under De Ternay, and 6000 
troops under Count de Rochambeau, from 
France, arrived at Rhode Island ; [July 10.] 

Q. What general became traitor to the Americans ? 

A. Benedict Arnold, who had secretly 
agreed to betray West Point into the hands 
of the British. 

Q. Who was sent by Clinton to negotiate with Ar- 
nold ? 

A. Major Andre. 

Q. How was the plot discovered ? 

A. Major Andre, having secretly com- 
pleted the arrangements with Arnold, was 
returning to the British ; when he was sur- 
prised, near Tanytown, by three of the 
American militia, and made prisoner ; 
[September 23d.] 




■^^ ^^Vv'^X 



THE OAPTUBE OF MAJOR AKDBfi. 



Q. What were the names of these captors? 

A. John Paulding, David Williams, and 
Isaac Yan AVert. 

Q. What l>ecame of Andre' and Arnold ? 

A. Arnold escaped to the British, [Sep- 
tember 24th ;] and Andre was hanged as a 
spy ; [October 2d.] 



Aug. 6. 
Oct. 7. 



LESS ON L YIII. 
BATTLES AWD CAPTURES DURIKG 1780. 

AMERICAN YICTORIES. 
Haiig;iug Rock, Sumpter, 

, «_ . i Campbell over ) 

Kings Mountain, i -^ } 

I Feiguson, ) 

BEinSH VICTORIES. 

Monk's Comer, Tarleton over Huger, Apr 14. 

Clinton over Lincoln, May 12. 

Tarleton over Buford, May 29. 

I Aug. 16. 
Aug. 18. 



Charleston, 
"Waxha-w, 



Camden, 

On the Wateree, 



{ Cornwallis over 
i Gates, 

J Tarleton over ) 

( Sumpter, ) 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 



46 



REVIE^v^^ OF 1780 



LESSON LIX. 



What three generals successively commanded the 
Americans in the South ? 

Who commanded the British in the South ? 

What occurred at Charleston on the first of April ? 

What American general defended Charleston ? 

B)^ whom was the siege conducted ? 

When, and by whom, was Greneral Huger defeated ? 

What occurred at Waxhaw Creek, May 29th ? 

What did Colonel Sumpter achieve on the 6th of 
August ? 

What battle was fought August 16th ? 

Who commanded the Americans at the battle of 
Camden ? 

Who commanded the British ? 

What is said of Baron De Kalb ? 

Who retreated to Hillsboro, North Carolina ? 

What loss did Sumpter meet with in August ? 

Who were victorious at the battle of King's Moun- 
tain? 

Who succeeded Gates ? Why ? 

What treachery was discovered in 1780 ? 

What British officers were concerned in this plot ? 

What connection had Major Andr^ with the plot ? 

Did it succeed ? Why not ? 

What was the fate of Andr^ ? 

Where did Arnold go ? 

Mention the American victories in 1780. 

Mention the British victories. 



LESSON LX. 

1781.—$- What was the first battle in 1781 ? 

A. Tlie battle of the Cowpens, [January 

lYth.] 




Q. Who were victorious in the battle of the Cow- 



pens 



MISSISSIPPI. 

A. Tlie Americans, under General Mor- 
gan, defeated tlie Britisli under Colonel 
Tarleton. 

Q. State the loss at the battle of the Cowpens. 

A. Tlie British lost 800, in killed, wound- 
ed, and prisoners ; the Americans, 80, 

Q. What were the Americans obliged to do, after 
the battle of the Cowpens .'' 

A. The Americans, under Greene and 
Morgan, being pursued hy Cornwallis, were 
obliged to retreat. 

Q. What was the second battle in 1781 ? 

A. Tlie battle of Guilford Court-House, 
[March 15th.] 

Q. Who gained the battle of Guilford Court-House ? 

A. Cornwallis defeated General Greene, 
after a severe engagement. 

Q. state the loss at the battle of Guilford Court- 
House ? 

A. Tlie Americans, 400 killed and 
wounded ; the British, 500. 



46 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



LESSON LXI. 

Q. Where was the third battle in 1781 fought ? 

A. At HoLkirk's Hill, near Caimlen, 
where General Greene was attacked and 
defeated by Lord Eawdon ; [April 25tli.] 

Q. What success had the Americans in September ? 

A. The battle of Entaw Springs, wliere 
General Greene attacked and defeated tlie 
main body of tlie British, under Colonel 
Stewart ; [September 8th.] 

Q. What town in Connecticut was burned by the 
British luider Arnold ? 

A. Xew London. 

Q. What battle brought the war to a close ? 
A. The battle of Yorktown, where Corn- 
wallis surrendered his army to Washington. 

Q. Where is Yorktown situated ? 

A. In Virginia, on Y^ork Kiver. 

Q. What was the position of each army in this 
battle ? 

A. Tlie British were posted in Y^ork- 
town, and were surrounded by the Ameri- 
cans and French, who besieged the town 
for several days. 

Q. What fleet greatly assisted the Americans, in 
the battle of Yorktown ? 

A. A French fleet under Count de 
Grasse. 

Q. What was the result of the battle of Yorktown? 

A. Cornwallis surrendered to Washing- 
ton his army of more than TOGO soldiers, 
besides artillery, arms, etc. ; and the Brit- 
ish vessels in the harbor to the French ; 
[October 10th.] 



LESSOIS^ LXII. 



BATTLES miRIXG 1781. 

AMERICAN VICTOEIES. 



Cowpens, 
Eutaw Springs, 
Yorktown, 



\. 



( Morgan over 
( Tarleton, 

Greene over Stewart, Sept. 8. 

ashington over 
CoruAVi 



j Washington over ) 
( Cornwallis, J 



Jan. 17. 



Oct. 19. 



BEITISH VICTOEIES. 
Guilford Court- (Cornwallis over 



j Cornwi 
3. ( 



I Mf 



XX. 15. 



House, i Greene, 

Hobkirk's Hill, Eawdon over Greene, Apr. 25. 



HEVIE^^ OF 1781 



LESSON LXIII. 

When and by whom was the battle of the Cowpens 
fought ? 

State the result and loss. 

Why was Morgan obliged to retreat, after his victory ? 

What engagement followed the battle of the Cow- 
l>ens ? 

Who were the commanders at the battle of Guilford ? 

State the result and loss ? 

Who commanded at the battle of Hobkirk's Hill ? 

Who gained the victory ? 

What victory was gained by General Greene, Sep 
teniber 8th. 

By whom was New London burned in this year ? 

What event terminated the war in favor of the 
Americans ? 

Give an account of the battle of Yorktown. 

In what Ivattje was Gcnenil Greene victorious, during 
1781 ? 

In what battles was he defeated ? 

Who assisted the Americans in the battle of York 
town ? 

During 1781, what victories had the Americans? 

What victories had the British ? 



THE AMERICAN REV'OLUTION. 



41 




LESSON LXIV. 

1782.—$- Who succeeded Clinton in command of 
the British ? 

A. Sir Guy Carleton. 

Q. Wlien did hostilities mostly cease ? 
A. In the spring ot 1782. 

Q. Where and when were preliminary articles of 
peace signed '! 

A. In Piiris, November 30th, 1782. 

Q. What cities in the South were evacuated by the 
British during this year ? 

A. Savannah, [July 11th,] and Charles- 
ton, [December 14:th.J 

1783. — Q- When was the definitive treaty signed ? 

A. September 3d, 1783, in Paris. 

Q. Who were the American commissioners by whom 
the treaty was signed ? 

A. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 
and John Jay. 



Q. When was peace proclaimed to the American 
army ? 

A. April 19th, 1783, just eight years 
after the battle of Lexington, the com- 
mencement of the Revolution. 

Q. What was Great Britain's loss in the war of the 
Pievolution ? . 

A. Great Britain lost £100,000,000, and 

50,000 soldiers. 

Q. When did the British evacuate New York ? 

A. November 25th, 1783 ; and General 
Washington entered the city in triumph. 

Q. Where did Washington bid farewell to his offi- 
cers ? 

A. At New York, [December 4th, 1783.] 

Q. When did he resign his military commission ? 

A. He resigned his commission before 
Congress, assembled at Annapolis, Decem- 
ber 23d, 1783, and retired to his home at 
Mount Yernon, in Yirginia. 



RE^IEW^ OF 1782-83. 



LESSON LXY. 

Were any battles fought in 1782 or 1783 ? 

What position did Sir Guy Carleton hold in the 
war? 

After the battle of Yorktown, what forces assembled 
at New York ? 

For what was the spring of 1782 memorable ? 

Where and when was peace concluded ? 

What occurred on the 25th of November, 1783 ? 

What did Washington do after peace was con- 
cluded ? 

Where was Congress in session at the conclusion of 
peace ? 



48 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



LESSON LXVI. 

Q. By whom was the Con.stitution formed ? 

A. By delegates from the States, assem- 
bled at Philadelpliia. 

Q. When was the Coustitution formed, and when 
adopted ? 

A. Tlie Constitution was formed by tlie 
Convention, in 1T8T, and adopted by the 
States shortly afterward. 

Q. Who was President of the Convention ? 

A. George Washington. 

Q. Of what three departments is this government 
composed ? 

A. Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. 

Q. Who possesses the executive power ? 
A. The President. 

Q. Who possesses the legislative power ? 
A. Congress ; which is comjjosed of sen- 
ators and representatives. 

Q. Who have the judicial power ? 

A. The judges. 

Q. Where did Congress first meet, after the adop- 
tion of the Constitution ? 

A. At New York ; [April, 1789.] 

Q. Who Avas elected the first President of tlie United 
States ? 

A. George Washington, who was inau- 
gurated at New York, April 30th, 1789. 

Q. AVhat battles were fought with the Indians in 
1700 and 1791 ? 

A. The Indians defeated Generals Ilar- 
mer and St. Clair, but were subdued by 
General Wayne, in 1794. 




LESSON LXVI I. 

Q. How long was Washington President of the 

United States ? 

A. lie served two terms, or eight years, 
when he declined a re-election, 

Q. Where did Washington die ? 

A. At Mount Yernon, in the 68th year 
of his age ; [December 14th, 1799.] 

Q. When did the city of Washington become the 
capital of the United States ? 

A. In the year 1800. 

Q. Wliat city had previously been the seat of gov- 
ernment ? 

A. Philadelphia, for ten years. 

Q. What piracies were committed upon American 
vessels in the Mediterranean ? 

A. Piracies of the Barbary States — Mo- 
rocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. 



WAR AVITH GREAT BRIT AI N— 1 8 1 2. 



49 



Q. What distinguished man was killed in a duel 
bj' Aaron Burr, in 1804 ? 

A. Alexander Ilamilton, wlio liacl been 
the constant friend of Washington. 

Q. For what was Burr tried, in 1807 ? 

A. For treason. 

Q. What battle was fought with the Indians, No- 
vember 7th, 1811 ? 

A. Tippecanoe, by General Willianl- 
Henrj Harrison, when the Indians were 
defeated. 
PEESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. '} 



NAMES. 


Inaugu- 
rated. 


Years 

served. 


Geokge AVashingtox 


1789 
1797 
1801 
1809 
1817 
1825 
1829 
1837 
1841 
1841 
1845 
1849 
1850 
1853 
1857 


8 


John Adams 

Thomas Jefferson 


4 
8 


James Madison 


8 


James Monroe 


8 


John Quincy Adams 

Andrew Jackson 

Martin Van Buren 


4 

8 
4 


A^iLLiAM H. Harrison 

John Tyler 


31 >' 


James K. Polk 

Zachary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore 

Franklin Pierce 


4 

n 

2| 
4 


James BucnANAN 





R E V^ I E TS^ 

FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE WAR OF 1812. 



LESSON L XVIII. 

With what battle did the war of the Revolution 
commence ? 

AVhen was the battle of Lexington fought ? 

How long did the war last ? 

When was peace proclaimed to the American army ? 



Where, and by whom, was the Constitution formed ? 

When was the Constitution adopted ? 

Was Washington in the Convention ? 

In whom is the Executive power placed ? — the Legis- 
lative ? — the Judicial ? 

AVhere and when did the first Congress meet ? 

AVhere and when was Washington inaugurated ? 

AVas Washington re-elected ? 

Where did he die ? 

AVhat two generals were defeated by the Indians in 
1790 and 1791 ? 

By whom were the Indians subdued, in 1794 ? 

How long had Philadelphia been the capital of the 
United States ? 

When, and to what city, was the caj^ital removed ? 

What was the fate of Alexander Hamilton ? 

AVhen, and by whom, was the battle of Tippecanoe 
won ? 



LESSON LXIX. 

1812. — Q- How long were the United States and 
Great Britain at peace with each other, after the Revo- 
lution ? 

A. Tw'enty-nine years, when the second 
war broke ont. 

Q. When did Congress declare war against Great 
Britain ? 

A. June 18th, 1812. 

Q. What was the chief cause of the second war ? 

A. The British had committed outrages 
upon American seamen. 

Q. Who was President during the second war ? 

A. James Madison. 

Q. Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
American army ? 

A. Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts. 

Q. Where were the first actions of this war ? 

A. In Michigan. 

Q. What American post was surrendered in July ? 

A. Fort Mackinaw ; [July 17th.] 



50 



MONTEITH'S UISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 




LESSON LXX. 

Q. Where were the first two hattles 
fought ? 

A. Near Brownstown, in tlie 
sontlieasteni part of Michigan. 

Q. What was the result of the first 
battle of Brownstowu ? 

A. Major Yan Ilorne was 
defeated by a force of British 
and Indians ; [Angust 5th.] 

Q. state the result of the second 
battle of Browustowa. 

xi. Colonel Miller, at the 
head of a detachment of Amer- 
icans, defeated the British and 
Indians ; [August 9th.] 

Q. AVhat American general invaded 
Canada ? 

A. General Hull, who sur- 
rendered in a cowardly man- 
ner to the British, at Detroit ; 
[August IGth.] 

Q. Who made the second attempt to 
invade Canada ? 

A. General Yan Rensselaer, 
who Avas defeated by the ene- 
my at Queenstown, where the 
British commander. General 
Brock, was killed ; [October 
13th.] 

Where situated f On or near what water f 

Hampton's Field? Chambly ? Plattsburg ? ) Baltimore? Havre de Grace ? ^Annapolis? 

Washington ? Alexandria ? Ft. McHenry ? 

Detroit? Brownstown ? French town ? Ft. Maiden? < Yorktown ? Norfolk? 



Ft. Niagara? Ft. George? Lewiston? Queenstown? i Fort Armstrong ? 
Luudy'sLane? Chippewa? Ft. Erie ? Buffalo? \ New Orleans? 



Fort Minis ? 
Pensacola ? 



Fort Stoddart ? 
Mobile ? 



AVAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN — 1812 



51 




THE GUEKEIEEE. 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



LESSON LXXI. 



BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING 1812. 

AMERICAN VICTORY. 
Second battle of ( Miller over ) 

Bro-v7usto'wn, ( British and Indians, ) 



REVIE^V OF 1812 



American Ships. British Ships. 

■j > Guerriere, Aug. 19. 

( captured | 
( the 



Constitution 
"Wasp 
United States 



Oct. 18. 



Constitution 



j captured ) 
I the j 



Macedonian, Oct. 



Java, 



Dec. 29. 



Fort Mackinaw, 



In these four naval battles the British lost over 450 
men ; the Americans but 70. On the ocean, the Amer- 
icans took 3000 prisoners during 1812. 

BRITISH VICTORIES. 

rendered by 
the Americans, 
First battle of j British and India 
Brownstovrn, ( over Van Hon 
j Hull surrender( 
( to Brock 

( Brock over 
f Van Rensselaer, 



I Brit 
, i < 



Detroit, 
Queenstown, 



i July 17. 
cans, ) 

> Aug. 5. 
)rne, j 

T^ , \ Ang. IG. 
Brock, J ^ 

laer, f 



Oct. 13. 



LESSON LXXI I. 

What declaration of war was made in 1812 ? 

State the chief cause of the war. 

Who was President during the second war with 
Great Britain ? 

What position did Henry Dearborn hold in the 
American army ? 

What was the first surrender in 1812 ? 

Where were the first two battles fought ? 

Who were successful at the first battle of Browns- 
town ? — At the second battle of Brownstown ? 

What can you say of General Hull ? 

What invasion was attempted by Van Rensselaer ? 

What action took place in October ? 

Who commanded the British ? 

What was the fate of General Brock ? 

Who were most successful on land ? 

What victories had the British ? 

What victory had the Americans on land ? 

Who were successful on the ocean ? 

In what naval battles were the Americans successful ? 

What losses did the British sustain in the naval bat- 
tles this year ? 

What American vessel gained two battles this year ? 



52 



MONTEITH'S HISTOUY OF T]IE UNITED STATES. 





LESSON L XXI 1 1. 

1813. — Q- How was the American anuy divided in 
1813? 

A. Into tliree divisions, — tlie Western, 
under General Harrison ; the Central, un- 
der General Dearborn ; the ^N^orthern, un- 
der General Hampton. 

Q. Wliere were tliese armies located ? 

A. Harrison, on the west shore of Lake 
Erie ; Dearborn, between Lakes Erie and 
Ontario ; Hampton, on the shore of Lake 
Cliamplain. 

Q. What was the first engagement in 1813 ? 

A. General Winchester and a body of 
Americans were surprised at Frenchtown, 
by the British and Indians under General 
Proctor ; [January 22d.] 

Q. Wliat was the result of the engagement ? 

A. Tlie Americans surrendered ; but 
inany were murdered by the Indians. 



Q. What city in Canada was taken by the Ameri- 
cans ? 

A. York, now Toronto, after a severe 
engagement, was taken by General Pike ; 
[April 27tli.] Pike was mortally wounded. 

Q. What fort was besieged by Proctor on the first 

of May ? 

A. Fort Meigs, held by General Harri- 
son, who was aided by General Clay and 
a body of Kentuckians. 

Q. Who were successful at Fort Meigs ? 

A. The Americans. 

Q. What fort in Canada was talien by tlie Ameri- 
cans ? 

A. Fort George, by General Dearborn ; 
[May 27th.] 

Q. By whom was Sackett's Harbor attacked in May ? 

A. By the British, under Prevost, but 
they were repulsed by the Americans un- 
der General Brown ; [May 29th.] 



WAR WITH GREAT B RIT A I N — 1 8 1 3. 



53 



LESSON LXXIV. 

Q. What assault was made by Proctor, in August ? 

A. Proctor, witli 1000 British and In- 
clians, attacked the fort at Lower Sandusky, 
but was repulsed by Major Croghan, at the 
head of 150 men ; [August 2d.] 

Q. What was the loss in this attack ? 

A. The British h)st 150 ; the Americans 
but 1 killed, and 7 wounded. 

Q. Who commanded the Indians that assisted 

rroctor ? 

A. Tlie Indian chief, Tecumseh. 

Q. Where, and by whom, were Proctor and Tecum- 
seh defeated ? 

A. At the battle of the Tliames, by the 
Americans under General Harrison ; Proc- 
tor fled, and Tecumseh was slain, [October 

5th.] 

Q. Who succeeded General Dearborn in command ? 

A. Greneral Wilkinson. 

Q. What defeat did the Americans sustain at Wil- 
liamsburg, Canada ? 

A. General Boyd, with a body of Amer- 
icans, was defeated at Williamsburg by the 
British ; [November 11th.] 

Q. What Indian troubles broke out in Alabama, in 
1813? 

A. Tlie war with the Creek Indians, 
who massacred nearly 300 men, women, 
and children, assembled at Fort Mims. 

Q. Who were sent against them ? 

A. Tlie Americans under Generals Jack- 
son, Coffee, and Floyd ; who, after severe 
conflicts, completely defeated the Indians. 




TENNESSEE. 



Q. Where was Commodore Perry's victory gained ? 

A. On Lake Erie, off Fort Maiden; 
[September 10th.] 

Q. Of what did the squadrons consist ? 

A. The Americans had 9 vessels, carry- 
ing 54 guns ; the British 6 vessels, with 63 
guns. 

Q. What notice of the victory did Perry send to 
General Harrison ? 

A. " We have met the enemy, and they 
are ours." 

Q. What American commanded the Hornet, at the 
capture of the Peacock 

A. Captain Lawrence, who afterward 
took command of the American frigate 
Chesapeake. 

Q. By what vessel was the Chesapeake captured ? 

A. By tlie British shij) Shannon. 

Q. What was the fate of Captain Lawrence ? 

A. He fell, during the action, mortally 
wounded. 



54 



MONTEITII'S UISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON LXXV. 



BATTLES km (CAPTURES DURIXG 1813. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES ON LAND. 
Siege of York, Pike over Sheaffe, Apr. 27. 



Fort Meigs, 



< Harrison and Cliw ) ,, 

< -^ } May 
( over Proctor, ) 



< Dearborn over 
Fort George, j ^,.^^^^^^ 

Sackett's Harbor, Brown over Prevost, 



May 27. 
May 29. 



Lower Sandusky, Croghan over Proctor, Aug. 2. 



The Thames, 

American Vessels. 
Hornet 

Enterprise 
Perry's fleet 



j Harrison over ) 

( Proctor & Tecumseb, ) 

NAVAL VICTORIES. 

British Vessels. 
{ captured ) _ 
I the ^P«^<^°^k, 

j captured ) 



J- Boxer, 

the ) 

captured Barclay's, 



BRITISH VICTORIES ON LAND 
Frenchtown, 
Williamsburg, 



rer ) 

''inchester, ) 



Proctor ove 
Wi 
Morrison over Boyd, 



Oct. 5. 



Feb. 24. 

Sept. 5. 
Sept. 10. 

Jan. 22. 
Nov. 11. 



British Vessels. 
Shannon 

Pelican 



NAVAL VICTORIES. 

American Vessels. 
] ., f Chesapeake, June 1. 



captin-ed ) 



the 



Argus, 



Aug. 14. 



HEA^IEAV OF 1813. 



LESSON LXXVI. 

Who were the commanders of the three divisions of 
the American army ? 

Who .succeeded General Dearborn ? 

What was the first engagement in 1813 ? 

Wliat was the result? 

Where was the first battle fought by General Harri- 
son this year ? 



Who assisted Harrison at Fort Meigs ? 

What was the result of the battle ? 

Who commanded the British in this siege ? 

By whom was York taken ? 

What fort in Canada was taken by General Dear- 
born ? 

Who were the commanders at the attack on Sackett's 
Harbor ? 

What was the result of the attack ? 

Describe the attack on Lower Sandusky. 

Describe the battle of the Thames. 

Where did the war break out with the Creek Indians ? 

By whom were the Creeks defeated ? 

How many naval victories had the Americans during 
181,3 ?— The British ? 

How many victories on land had the Americans ? — 
The British ? 

What victory was gained by Captain Lawrence ? 

In what engagement was he mortally wounded ? 



»-»♦ 



LESSON LXXV 1 1. 

1814. — Q- What fort in Canada was surrendered by 
the British ? 

A. Fort Erie was surrendered to Gen- 
erals Scott and Ripley, [July 3d.] 

Q. Wliat was the first battle in 1811 ? 

A. The battle of Chippewa, in wliicli 
tlie British were defeated with a loss of 
500 men. The Americans lost 330 ; [July 
5th.] 

Q. Who were the commanders ? 
A. General Eiall of the British, and 
General Brown of the Americans. 

Q. By whom was General Brown assisted ? 

A. Generals Scott and Ripley. 

Q. What battle followed the victory at Chippewa ? 

A. The battle of Lundy's Lane, the 
severest contest during the year; [July 
25th.] 



WAR AVITH GREAT BRIT AIN— 1 8 1 4. 



55 



Q. Who were the commanders at the battle of 
Liiudy's Lane ? 

A. General Brown of the Americans, 

and General Driimmond of the British. 

Q. What was the result of the battle of Lundy's 
Lane ? 

A. Tlie Americans were victorious. The 
loss on each side was over 800. 

Q. What American generals were wounded ? 

A. Brown and Scott. 

Q. Where did the Americans retire after the battle ? 

A. To Fort Erie, where they were for 
seven weeks besieged by the Bj-itish under 
Drummond ; but tliey were finally repulsed 
by the Americans with a loss of 1000 men ; 
[September 17th.] 

Q. Who successively commanded the Americans 
during the siege of Fort Erie ? 

A. Generals Ripley, Gaines, and Brown. 



LESSON LXXVIII. 

Q. What town on Lake Champlain was attacked by 
the British ? 

A. Plattsburg, held by the Americans 
under General Macomb ; [September lltli.] 

Q. What was the plan of attack ? 

A. The British, under General Prevost, 
attacked Plattsburg, while the British 
fleet, under Commodore Downie, engaged 
the American fleet, under Commodore 
McDonough, in the harbor. 

Q. Who were successful at Plattsburg ? 

A. The Americans were successful ; 
Prevost being repulsed, and Downie en- 
tirely defeated. 



Q. By whom was the city of Washington taken ? 

A. By a British force under General 
Ross ; [August 24:th.] 

Q. What damage was done to the city by the Brit- 
ish ? 

A. Tliey burned the Capitol, the Presi- 
dent's house, and many other buildings ; 
immediately after which they retreated to 
their fleet. 

Q. At what place were the British opposed before 
entering the city ? 

A. At Bladensburg ; but the Americans 

were defeated ; [August 2-ith.] 

Q. What city near Washington was also taken by 
the enemy ? 

A. Alexandria ; [August 29th.] 

Q. What city did the British next attempt to enter ? 

A. Baltimore. 

Q. What battle was fought on their approach to 
Baltimore ? 

A. At North Point, where they were 
opposed by General Strieker. The Amer- 
icans were forced to retreat, [September 
12th.] Ross, the British ofiicer, was killed. 

Q. What fort commanded the entrance to Balti- 
more ? 

A. Fort Mc- 
Henry, which 
was bombarded 
by the British, 
[SeptemberlS,] 
but being un- 



successful, they 
withdrew on the 
following day. 




56 MONTP:iTirS HISTORY OF TlIP] UNITED STATES, 




BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 



LESSON LXXIX. 

1815.—$- What was the last land battle of the war ? 

A. The battle of New Orleans, [January 

«tli, 1815.] 

Q. Who were the commanders in the battle of New 
Orleans ? 

A. General Jackson of the Americans, 
and General Packenhani of the British. 

Q. How large was each army in this battle ? 

A. The Americans 6000; the British 
12,000. 

Q. What was the result of the battle of New Or- 
leans ? 

A. The British were defeated, with the 
loss of about 2600 in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners ; the Americans lost but 7 killed 
and 7 wounded. Packenhani was among 
the killed. 

Q. What treaty terminated the war ? 

A. The treaty of Ghent, which was 
signed December 24th, 1814. 



Q. When was it ratified by the President of the 
United States ? 

A. February 17th, 1815. 

Q. How long had the war continued ? 

A. Two years and eight months. 



LESSON LXXX. 



BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURIXG 1814. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES ON LAND. 



Fort Erie, 
Chippewa, 
Lundy's Laue, 

Fort Erie, 
Plattsburg, 
Fort McHonry, 



j surr 



rendered to 
Scott and Eipley 

Brown over Riall, July 



J 



July 3. 



own over 

Drummond 



r 

i Brown 



over 
Drummond 



I July 25. 
I Sept. 21. 



Macomb over Prevost, Sept. 11. 

Armi^tead over 

Cochrane, 



} Sept. 14. 



WAR WITH GREAT BRIT AIN— 1 8 1 5, 



57 



NAVAL VICTORIES. 

American Shij)s. Briiish Ships. 

captured 

the 

captured 

the 

Macdonough's ) , , tDowiiie' 

> captured < 
fleet S I 



Peacock 
"Wasp 



( captured ) „ 

\ the \ EP^'-^^r' 

S captured ) _ . , 

) the \ R^n^^^'. 

3t, ) 



fleet 



BRITISH VICTORIES ON LAND. 
Bladensburg, Ross over Winder, 

North Point, Brooke over Strieker, 

British Skips. American Ships. 

Phebe and ( captured i „ 

Cherub i the 1=^"^^ 
( captured 
( the 



Orpheus 



Frolic, 



Apr. 29. 
June 28. 
Sept. 11. 



Aug. 24. 
Sept. 12. 



Mar. 28. 
Apr. 21. 



Describe the battle of Plattsburg. 

What was done by the British in Washington, Au- 
gust 24th, 1814 ? 

What success had the British at Alexandria ? At 
Baltimore ? At Fort McHenry ? 

When and where was the treaty of peace signed ? 

Who were the commanders in the battle of New 
Orleans ? 

Describe the battle. 

What two naval battles were fought after the battle 
of New Orleans ? 

How many land victories had the British during 
1814 and 1815 ? 

How many land victories had the Americans ? 

How many naval victories had tlic British ? 

How many naval victories had the Americans ? 



BATTLES DURIXG 1815. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 



New Orleans, 

American Ships. 
Constitution 



i Jackson over ) 

( Packenham, ) 

British Ships. 
( captured ) Cyane and ) 
I the } Levant, ) 



_ ^ (captured) _ 

Hornet < > Penguin, 



Jan. 8. 

Feb. 20. 
Mar. 23. 



HEVIE^V^ OF 1814-15. 



LESSON LXXXI. 

What was the first capture in 1814 ? 

What two battles occurred in July, 1814 ? 

Who were the commanders ? 

What siege followed the battle of Lundy's Lane ? 

Describe the siege of Fort Erie. 

By whom was Plattsburg attacked in September, 
1814? 

Who commanded the Americans in the town ? 

Who commanded the American squadron in the 
harbor ? 



LESSON LXXXII. 

Q. How many years elapsed between the close of the 
second war with England and the Mexican war ? 

A. Thirty-one years. 

Q. During this period, in what wars was this coun- 
try engaged ? 

A. War with Algiers in 1815 ; the Sem- 
inole war in 1817 ; and the Florida war in 
1835. 

Q. What was the cause of the war with Algiers ? 
A. Piracies were committed by that gov- 
ernment npon American vessels. 

Q. Who was sent from the United States against 
Algiers ? 

A. Commodore Decatur, who forced 
Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, to terms of 
peace. 

Q. Who was sent against the Seminoles in 1817 ? 

A. General Jackson, who defeated the 
Indians, and hung two men for inciting 
the Indians against the Americans. 



68 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Q. When did Texas become free 
from Mexico ? 



Q. What form of government did 
Texas adopt ? 

A. Texas became a re- 
public, 

Q. When was Texas annexed to 
the United States? 

A. In 1845. 

Q. What caused the Mexican 
war ? 

A. Tlie annexation of 
Texas, and tlie claim of a 
certain tract of land by 
both the United States and 
Mexico. 

Q. Where is that tract of land 
situated ? 

A. In Texas, between the 
Neuces River and the Ilio 
Grande. 

Q. Who was President of the 
United States during tlie Mexican 
war ? 

A. James K. Polk. 

1846.— <?• Who was sent by the 
President to the Rio Grande ? 

A. General Zachary Tay- 
lor, who erected Ft. Brown 
opposite Matamoras. 

Q. Wlio took command of tlie 
Mexican forces ? 

A. General Arista. 



24i TcmjSLiriide 






Wliere situated? On or near irJiat iratcr? 

Corpus Christi ? Matamoras ? San Luis Potosi ? Jalapa ? 

Point Isabel ? Camargo ? Tampico ? Perote ? 

Palo Alto ? Monterey ? Vera Cruz ? La Puebla ? 

Pesaca dc la Palma ? Buena Vista ? Cerro Gordo ? Mexico ? 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 



59 




GKNEKAL TA^ LOH AT THE BATTLE OF PALO ALTO. 



LESSON LXXXIY. 

Q. What was the commencement of hostilities 1 

A. Captain Thornton's party was at- 
tacked on the east bank of the Rio Grande 
by a superior body of Mexicans, and sev- 
eral Americans were killed ; [April 2J:th.] 

Q. What was the first battle in the Mexican war ? 

A. The battle of Palo Alto, in which 
General Taylor, with 2300 Americans, de- 
feated 6000 Mexicans under General Arista ; 
[May -Sth.] 

Q. What was the loss on both sides ? 

A. The Mexicans lost about 400 killed 

and wounded ; the Americans but 40. 

Among the killed was Major Ringgold. 

Q. What battle was fonght by the same armies, the 
following day ? 



A. The battle of Resaca de la Palma, in 
which the Mexicans were defeated, and 
fled to Matamoras ; [May 9th.] 

Q. What was the loss in this battle ? 

A. The Mexicans 500 ; the Americans 50. 

Q. What American colonel distinguished himself in 
this battle ? 

A. Colonel May ; who took General La 
Yega prisoner at the mouth of his OM'n 
cannon. 

Q. After the battle of Resaca de la Palma, where 
did General Taylor go ? 

A. To Fort Brown, thence across the 
Rio Grande to Matamoras, of which he 
took possession, [May 18th.] 

Q. By whom was California taken ? 

A. By Captain Fremont, and Commo- 
dores Sloat and Stockton, 



60 



MONTEITirS HISTORY OF TIIP: UNITED STATES 




BATTLE OF MONTEEEY. 



LESSON LXXXV. 

Q. What city did Taylor attack after taking pos- 
session of Matamoras ? 

A. Monterey, Mliich lie captured after a 
severe engagement of three days ; [Sep- 
tember 24th.] 

Q. Who were the commanders in the battle of 
Monterey ? 

A. General Tayh)r of the* Americans, 

and General Ampudia of the Mexicans. 

Q. What was the size of the armies at the battle of 
^Monterey ? 

A. Ten thousand Mexicans, and G* )00 
Americans. 

Q. Who Averc sent against Santa Fe' and Chihua- 
liiia ? 

A. General Kearney, who took New 
Mexico, and Colonel Doniphan, who took 



possession of Chihuahua, after two success- 
ful hattles during his marcli. 

Q. What battles were won by Colonel Doniphan ? 

A. The battle of Bracito, on the east 
bank of the Rio Grande, [Decend^er 22d, 
1846,] and of Sacramento, near the Rio 
Grande, [February 28th, 1847.] 

1847. — Q- Wlio took command of the Mexican 
forces in 1847 ? 

A. General Santa Anna, the President 
of Mexico. 

Q. Where did Taylor meet Santa Anna ? 

A. At Buena Yista, where Taylor, with 
5000 Americans, defeated Santa Anna at 
the head of 20,000 Mexicans ; [Feb. 23d.] 

Q. Wliat was the loss in tlie battle of Buena Vista? 

A. The Americans lost 700 ; the Mexi- 
cans 2000. 




BOMBARDMENT OF VERA CRUZ AND CASTLE. 



LESSON LXXXYI. 

Q. Who took command of the American army in 
1847? 

A. General Winiield Scott. 

Q. What city did Scott first attack ' 

A. Yera Cruz, which was defended by 
the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa. 
Q. How long did the siege continue ? 

A. Fifteen days, when the city and cas- 
tle surrendered to General Scott ; [March 
27th.] 

Q. After the capture of Vera Cruz, what city did 
Scott march against ? 

A. Mexico, the caj^ital. 



Q. At what places were the Americans opposed ? 

A. Cerro Gordo, [April 18th ;] Contre- 
ras and Cherubusco, [August 20th ;] Mo- 
lino del Rey and Casa Mata, [September 
8th ;] Chapultepec, [September 13th.] 

Q. Who were victorious in these battles ' 

A. The Americans gained every battle. 

Q. Which arm)' was the larger in all of these battles ? 

A. The Mexican army. 

Q. When did General Scott and his army enter the 
city of Mexico ? 

A. September 14th, 184T. 

Q. When was peace concluded ? 

A. February 2d, 1848. 



62 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 




ri E ^ I E ^v 

OF THE MEXICAN WAR. 



VICINITY OS SAN FKANC13C0. 
♦♦♦ 

LESSO N LX XXVII. 
BATTLES DURIING 1846. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 
Palo Alto, Taylor over Arista, 



Resaca de la 






Taylor over Arista, 



Palma, ) 
Monterey, Taylor over Ampudia, 

Bracito, Doniphan, 



May 8. 

May 9. 
Sept. 24. 
Dec. 22. 



BATTLES DIIRL\G 1847. 



Buena Vista, 

Sacramento, 
Vera Cruz, 
Cerro Gordo 
Contreras, 
Cherubusco, 



['■" 



aylor over 

Santa Anna, 
( Doniphan over 
I Heree( 

- Scott over Landero, 
( Scott over ) 

( Santa Anna, ) 

Scott over Valencia, 
( Scott over 
( Santa Annti 

Molino del Rey j Scott over 

and Casa Mata, I 
^, , \ Scott over ) 

Chapultepec, j Santa Anna, I 



;edia, ) 



J 

Santa Anna, ) 



Feb. 23. 

Feb. 28. 
Mar. 27. 
April 18. 
Ang. 20. 
Aug. 20. 

Sept. 8. 

Sept. 13. 



LESSON LXXXVIII. 

State the cause of the war. 

When was Texas annexed to the United States ? 

During whose administration was this war carried on? 

Wlio commanded the two armies at the commence- 
ment of tlie war ? 

What action commenced the war ? 

What the first battle ? 

Who were the commanders in the battle of Palo 
Alto? 

What was the size of each army ? 

Wliat was the loss iji this battle ? 

What was the fate of Major Ringgold ? 

Give an account of tlie second battle ? 

When did the first two battles take place ? 

What can you say of Colonel May ? 

When did General Taylor enter Matamoras ? 

What conquest was made by Fremont, Sloat, and 
Stockton ? 

What battle followed that of Resaca de la Pahna ? 

Who were the commanders in the battle of Monterey ? 

State the size of the armies in this battle ? 

How long did the engagement last ? 

Who took possession of New Mexico ? 

What two battles were won by Colonel Doniplian ? 

What battle was fought in February, 1847 ? 

Who were the commanders at Buena Vista ? 

AVhat was the size of the armies ? 

Who were successful in this battle? 

State the loss on each side. 

Who took command of the Americans in 1847 ? 

What city did Scott first besiege ? 

What was the result of the siege ? 

What battles followed the surrender of Vera Cruz ? 

Wliich two were fought August 20th ? 

Whicli two were fought September 8th ? 

When were the battles of Cerro Gordo and Chapul- 
tepec fought ? 

Wliat occurred on the 14th of September, 1847 ? 

What occurred on the 2d of February, 1848 ? 



IMPORTANT EXPEDITIONS. 



63 




DR. KANE IN WINTER QUARTERS. — ABCTIO FOXES AND OWLS. — WJIITE BEARS. 



LESSON LXXXIX. 

Q. What exploring expedition left Great Britain in 
1845? 

A. Sir John Franklin, with two vessels 

and about two hundred and forty men, in 

search of a northwest passage to the Indies. 

Q. Did Franklin or his party ever return ? 

A. They did not. 

Q. Wliat American sent vessels in search of Franlvlin ? 

A. Henry Grinnell, who sent two ves- 
sels, in 1850, under Lieutenant De Haven, 
accompanied by Dr. Kane. The vessels 
returned the following year without tidings 
of the missing party. 

Q. What other expedition was sent from the United 
States in search of them ? 

A. Henry Grinnell, in conjunction with 
the tJ. S. government, sent out the ship 
Advance, commanded by Dr. Kane, 1853. 

Q. What was accomplished by Dr. Kane ? 

A. He reached a point on the coast of 
Greenland further north than any heretofore 
seen, passed two winters in the Arctic Re- 
gions, and returned, unsuccessful, in 1855. 



Q. Where and when did Dr. Kane die ? 

A. In Havana, 1857. 

Q. By whom was Cuba invaded in 1850 ? 

A. By General Lopez, who sailed from 
New Orleans with about 600 men, to 
assist in a Revolution in the island. 

Q. When did Lopez make the second attempt ? 

A. Lopez and about 500 men made a 
similar attempt the following year. He 
and many of his followers were captured 
and put to death. 

Q. Who invaded Nicaragua in 1855 ? 

A. General William Walker, from Cal- 
ifornia ; and, after several battles, took 
possession of the country. 

Q. How long did he hold Nicaragua ? 

A. Nearly two years, when the Nicar- 
aguans were joined by troops from the 
adjoining State, Costa Rica, and Walker 
was compelled to leave the country. 

Q. In what two Territories of the United States did 
civil war threaten ? 

A. In Kansas and Utah, in consequence 
of which, U. S. troops were sent there. 



64 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 




CAUi-OKNIA. 
♦«♦ 

LESSON XC. 

Q. From what experiments did the idea of estab' 
lishing the telegraph originate ? 

A. Franklin's experiments "with an elec- 
tric wire across the Schuylkill Kiver, in 
1T48. 

Q. By whom was the magnetic telegrapli invented ? 

A. By Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, 
in 1832. 

Q. Where did he construct the first telegraph ? 

A. Between Baltimore and Washington, 

Q. When was the Atlantic cable laid ? 

A. In August of 1858. 

Q. Who superintended the laying of the cable ? 

A. Cyrus W. Field, to whose noble ef- 
forts the success of the enterprise is chiefly 
due. 

Q. In what part of the ocean was the cable first laid ? 

A. In mid-ocean, when the British ship 
Agamemnon sailed east to Ireland, and the 
American ship Niagara west to Newfound- 
land, laying the cable as they sailed. 



Q. Where is the cable attached to the land-lines ? 

A. The west end is attached at Trinity 
Bay, on the southeast coast of Newfound- 
land ; the east end, at Yalentia Bay, on 
the southwest coast of L-elaud. 



OVERLAND TELEGEAPHS OF THE WOELD. 

LINES. INTKSTEU. 

United States 20.000 $8,000,000 

British Provinces 5,000 1,500.000 

Other parts of America 2.000 400.000 

Central and Northern Europe . . 1 1 , 000 7 , 000 . 000 

Great Britain and Ireland 9, 800 8, 500, 000 

France 6.700 6,000,000 

Russia 6,000 3,000,000 

India 5,000 2.500,000 

Southern Europe 8,700 2,000. 000 

Belgium and Holland 950 250.000 

Australia 700 400.000 

Africa 350 100,000 

Total 77,200 $39,650,000 



STJBMAEINE TELEGEAPHS OF THE WOELD. 



COUNTRIES CONNECTED. 


WATEK3 UNDEKLAID. 


Milps 
Cable. 


When 
Ittid. 


America and Europe, 


Atlantic Ocean, 


1900, 


1858 


Balaclava and Varna, 


Black Sea, 


340, 


1855 


Malta and Corfu, 


Mediterranean, 


320, 


1858 


Varna and Constan'ple, 


Black Sea, 


150, 


1855 


England and Holland, 


North Sea, 


135, 


1854 


Sardinia and Africa, 


Mediterranean, 


130, 


1857 


Spezzia and Corsica, 


Mediterranean, 


80, 


1854 


C.Bret.Isl.&Newf'dl'd 


Gf.ofSt.Lawr'ce 


78, 


1856 


England and Belgium, 


North Sea, 


70, 


1853 


England and Ireland, 


Irish Sea, 


62, 


1852 


Denmark and Sweden, 


Belts and Sound, 


54, 


1853 


Ireland and Scotland, 


North Channel, 


26, 


1853 


England and France, 


English Channel, 


25, 


1851 


Holland, across the 


Zuyder Zee, 


20, 


1854 


Fr. Edw' d' sis. & N.Br., 


Gf.ofSt.Lawr'ce 


12, 


1856 


Corsica and Sardinia, 


Mediterranean, 


9, 


1854 


Total River and Bay crossin<'s 


200 
3611 




Total 







DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



In Congress, July 4, 1776. 

The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States 
of America. 

WuEN, in the course of luunan events, it becomes 
necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands 
which have connected them with another, and to as- 
sume, among the powers of the earth, the separate 
and equal station to which the laws of Nature and of 
Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the 
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare 
the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident ;• — that all 
men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their 
Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among 
these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 
That to secure these rights, governments are instituted 
among men, deriving their just powers from the con- 
sent of the governed ; that whenever any form of 
government becomes destructive of these ends, it is 
the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to 
institute a new government, laying its foundation on 
such principles, and organizing its powers in such foi'm, 
as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety 
and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that 
governments long established should not be changed 
for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all ex- 
perience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed 
to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right them- 
selves by abolishing the forms to which they are accus- 
tomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a 
design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is 
their right, it is their duty, to throw off such govern- 
ment, and to provide new guards for their future se- 
curity. Such has been the patient suffei'ance of these 
colonies ; and such is now the necessity which con- 
strains them to alter their former systems of govern- 
ment. The history of the present King of Great Britain 
is a history of repea%d injuries and usuipations, all 
having in direct object the establishment of an absolute 



tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be 
submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome 
and necessary for the public good. 

Ho has forbidden his governors to pass laws of im- 
mediate and pressing importance, imless suspended in 
theiv operation, till his assent should be obtained ; and 
when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend 
to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the 
accommodation of large districts of people, unless those 
people would relinquish the right of representation in 
the legislature — a riglit inestimable to them, and for- 
midable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places 
unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the reposi- 
tory of their public records, for the sole purpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, 
for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on 
the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such disso- 
lutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the 
legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have re- 
turned to the people at large, for their exercise ; the 
state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the 
dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions 
within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
states ; for that purpose obstructing the laws for nat- 
uralization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to 
encourage their migration hither, and raising the con- 
ditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by 
refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary 
powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for 
the tenure of their offices and the amount and payment 
of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat 
out their substance. 



He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing 
armies without the consent of our legishitures. 

He lias affected to render tlie military independent 
of, and superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a juris- 
diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged 
by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended 
legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punish- 
ment for any murdei'S which they shoukl commit on 
the inhabitants of these states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of 
trial by jury : ' 

For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pre- 
tended offenses : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a 
neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary 
government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren- 
der it at once an example and fit instrument for intro- 
ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most 
valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms 
of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring 
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in 
all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us 
out of his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt 
oiu- towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaries to complete the works of death, desola- 
tion, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances 
of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most 
barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a 
civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive 
on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to 
become the executioners of their friends and brethren, 
or to fall themselves by their hands. 



He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and 
has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our 
frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known 
rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all 
ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have peti- 
tioned for redress in the most humble terms : our re- 
peated petitions have been answered only by repeated 
injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by 
every act which may define a tyrant, is vmfit to be the 
ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our Brit- 
ish brethren. We have warned them, from time to 
time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an un- 
warrantable jui-isdiction over us. We have reminded 
them of the cii'cumstances of our migration and settle- 
ment here. We have appealed to their native justice 
and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the 
ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpa- 
tions, which would inevitably interrupt our connec- 
tions and correspondence. They too have been deaf to 
the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, 
therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces 
our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of 
mankind — enemies in war, in peace friends. 

WE, therefore, the representatives of the United 
States of America, in general congress assembled, ap- 
pealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the 
rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the 
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly 
pul>lish and declare, that these xmited colonies are, and 
of right ought to be, free and independent states ; 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- 
ish crown, and that all political connection between 
them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, 
totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent 
states, they have full power to levy war, conclude 
peace, conti'act alliances, establish commerce, and to 
do all other acts and things which independent states 
maj' of right do. And for the support of this declara- 
tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine 
Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, 
our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 





MINNESOTA. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 



PERSONS PROMINENTLY CONNECTED WITH AMERICAN HISTORY. 



ADAMS, Samuel, one of the earliest and most 
distinguished of American patriots, was born at 
Boston, Mass., in 1722. He was among the fore- 
most to resist the oppression of Great Britain, and 
was proscribed by that government for the promi- 
nent part which he took in opposing its measures. 
He was chosen a member of the first Congress, un- 
der the confederation, in 1774; signed the Declara- 
ration of Independence in 1776 ; and was elected 
governor of Massachusetts in 1794. He died Octo- 
ber 3, 1803, universally esteemed as having, by his 
powerful efforts in behalf of liberty, been one of 
those to whom we owe its possession. 

ADAMS, John, the second President of the Uni- 
ted States, was born at Braintree, Mass., in 1735. 
He studied law, at the same time teaching Latin and 
Greek to enable him to prosecute his studies. He 
took a prominent part against the British encroach- 
ments ; was elected to the first Congress, and, in 
1776, was appointed to the committee which report- 
ed the Declaration. He was chosen Commissioner to 



the Court of Versailles in 1777, and, after his return, 
was sent to Great Britain for the purpose of nego- 
tiating a peace and treaty of commerce. He was the 
first minister to England in 1785. He was chosen 
Vice-president under Washington, and continued 
in that office during eight years, when he was 
elected President. He died July 4th, 1826. 

ADAMS, John Quinot, son of John, and sixth 
President of the United States, was born at Quincy, 
Massachusetts, in 1767. He was appointed by 
Washington minister to the Netherlands, and after- 
ward to Holland, England, and Prussia. He was a 
Senator in Congress, and afterward minister to 
Russia under Madison. He was one of the Com- 
missioners to Ghent, in 1814, to negotiate a peace 
with Great Britain, and, after the signing of that 
treaty, was sent to "the Court of St. James to nego- 
tiate a commei'cial treaty with that government. 
In 1817 he was made Secretary of State by Presi- 
dent Monroe, and continued in office until 1825, 
when he was chosen President. He held that office 



68 



MONTEITII'S HISTOiiY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



for one term, was afterward elected to Congress, 
and died in Washington in 1848. He left a number 
of State papers and unpublished works. 

ALLEN", Ethax, a brigadier-general in the Rev- 
olutionary armj', was born at Salisbury, Conn., in 
1743, but was educated in Vermont. He was noted 
for his early and active eftorts in behalf of liberty ; 
and in 1Y75, soon after the battle of Lexington, 
succeeded in capturing the fortresses of Ticonderoga 
and Crown Point. During that year he was taken 
captive, in an attempt to conquer Montreal, sent to 
England, and there imprisoned. In 1778 he was 
exchanged for Colonel Campbell, and, shortly after- 
ward, was appointed to the command of the State 
militia of A^ermont. He died in 1789. 

AMES, Fisher, one of the most eminent Ameri- 
can statesmen, was born at Dedham, Mass., in 1758. 
He was chiefly noted for liis writings, mostly on 
political subjects relating to the Revolution. He 
was a member of Congress during the whole of 
Washington's administration, distinguishing liimself 
by his patriotism and eloquence. In 1804 he was 
chosen president of Harvard College, but declined 
the honor. He died July 4th, 1808. 

AMHERST, Jeffrey, Lord, an English general 
of celebrity, was born in 1727. He served in the 
Englisli army on the Continent, and afterward ob- 
tained renown at the siege of Louisburg, in 1758. 
He was made governor of Virginia, and command- 
er-in-chief of the forces in America. Niagara, 
Ticonderoga, Montreal, and Quebec were taken In* 
him, and he finally obtained the submission of all 
Canada. His great services were rewarded b}' 
England as they deserved, and he was at lengtli 
I'aised to tlie rank of field-marshal. He died in 1797. 

ANDRfi, John, a major in the British army, was 
intrusted with the negotiation of the delivery of 
West Point into the hands of the Englisli, through 
the treachery of Benedict Arnold. After arranging 
the whole plan he was seized, -on his i-eturn, by 
three American militia-men, who searched him, 
and found his papers relating to the plot concealed 
in his boot. He was conducted before General 
Wasliington, tried by a court-martial, found guilty. 



and condemned to be executed as a spy. He was 
hung, notwithstanding his entreaties to be shot, on 
tlie 2d October, 1780, at the age of 29. His early 
and unfortunate death was deeply regretted by all 
who knew him, on both sides, for his accomplish- 
ments, amiability, youth, and earnest devotion to 
his country, made him beloved by all. 

ANDROS, Edmund, a governor of the province 
of New York in 1674, and subsequently of New 
England. He was notorious tV)r tyranny and big- 
otry, and his arbitrary conduct finally induced the 
people to take up arms against him. He was im- 
prisoned and sent to England for trial, but was 
dismissed without a final decision. In 1692 he was 
made governor of Virginia, where he acted with 
more })rudence. He died in London, in 1714. 

ARCIIDALE, John, governor of North Caro- 
lina, where he arrived in 1695, and ruled so judi- 
ciously that the colony became remarkably prosper- 
ous. He introduced tlie culture of rice, which has 
since become so valuable. After five or six years 
of wise administration, he returned to London, and 
did not again visit this country. 

ARGALL, Samuel, a deputy-governor of Vir- 
ginia in 1609. His government was odious to the 
peojjle. In 1612 he carried off Pocahontas to 
Jamesto^vn. His conduct fomented a war between 
the French and English colonists. He was finally 
recalled for his maladministration, and returned to 
England in 1619. He was afterwai'd knighted by 
King James. 

ARMSTRONG, John, an American general, dis- 
tinguished in the Indian wars. He defended Fort 
Moultrie, and was at the battle of Germantowu. 
He died in 1795. 

ARMSTRONG, John, son of the preceding, was 
also an American general. He is known as the 
author of the "Newburg Letters," written after the 
close of the Revolution, for the purpose of obtain- 
ing a recompense for the officers of tlie army. Tliey 
had a great eft'ect upon the country, which might 
have led to unfortuiuite results, had it not been for 
the wisdom and prudence of General Washington. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



69 



He was Secretary of War at the time of the sacking 
of "Wasliington in 1814, and fled from the city; an 
act whicli greatly detracted from his reputation. 
A strong feeling of indignation arising against him, 
he resigned liis office, and from that time lived in 
retirement. He died in 1843. 

BACOl!^, JTatiianiel, celebrated as the leader of 
" Bacon's Rebellion," was a member of the council 
of Virginia. The incursions of the savages devas- 
tated tlie frontier, but Governor Berkeley provided 
no efficient measures for the relief of the colony. 
Bacon then assumed the connnand of the people, 
and was denounced as a rebel. His bravery re- 
stored quiet and confidence to the colonists, but 
the governor still condemned him. After putting 
an end to the Indian war, he was about to besiege 
Governor Berkeley, at Accomac, when he suddenly 
died, in 1G76. He was a man of noble impulses, 
powerful mind, and invincil>le courage. 

BALBOA, Vasco J^unez de, a Castilian, famous 
for his enterprise and misfortunes, was one of the 
first who visited the West Indies. His earnest 
efforts in the pursuit of fixme gained liim the envy 
and dislike of the Spanish governor of Darien, who 
saw with a jealous eye the colony which he had 
established on the Isthmus of Panama, and accused 
him of disloyalty, and a design to revolt. His 
cruelty was successful, and the unfortunate Balboa 
was executed in 1517. 

BAIXBRIDGE, William, a commodore of the 
United States navy, was born at Princeton, N. J., 
in 1774. He acquired his fame during the war 
with Algiers, and was a captive in Barbary for 
nineteen months. In 1812, while in command of 
the frigate Constitution, he captured the British 
frigate Java. At his death, in 1833, he was the 
third in rank in the American navy, having ac- 
quired a universal reputation and popularity. 

BALTIMORE, Lord. See Calvert. 

BERKELEY, William, governor of Virginia, 
was noted only for obstinacy, faithlessness, and 
revengeful spirit; the combination of which evils 
caused "Bacon's Rebellion." After a course of 



maladministration, Avhich even the Assembly de- 
nounced, he was induced to return to England, 
where he died in " 677. 

BOONE, DA2J-IEL, one of the earliest settlers of 
Kentucky, was born in Virginia, and, in 1773, at- 
tempted to cross to Kentucky, with a party of 
others who placed themselves under his guidance. 
After various interruptions from the Indians, he 
was finally taken prisoner by them, but escaped by 
means of stratagem. After a few more ineffectual 
attempts upon the whites, the Indians were at 
length routed, and made no further attack upon 
Boonesborough, The Spanish authorities having 
presented him with 2000 acres of land, and his 
children and followers with 800 each, he removed 
to upper Louisiana, and settled at Charette, on the 
Missouri, where he followed his usual course of life 
until his death, in September, 1822. It is said 
that he died in the very act of aiming at some 
object, and was found on his knees, with his gun 
resting on the trunk of a tree. 

BRADDOCK, Edward, major-general and com- 
mander-in-chief of the British forces in America, 
conducted an expedition against the French, at 
Fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburg, in 1755. When 
in the neighborhood of the fort he was advised to 
take precautions against the Indians, who, it was 
feared, might be lying in ambush. Disregarding 
the caution, the army was surprised by the savages, 
and a terrible defeat and slaughter ensued. All his 
mounted officers, with the exception of Colonel 
Washington, his aid-de-camp, Avere killed, and Gen- 
eral Braddock himself mortally wounded. The army 
retreated precipitately to General Dunbar's camp, 
where General Braddock expired. 

BRADFORD, William, second governor of 
Plymouth colony, and one of the first settlers of 
New England, was born in England in 1588, and 
joined with zeal in the project of emigrating to 
America. He sailed in the Maj-flower, but, just 
before the place of settlement was- fixed upon, his 
wife fell into the sea and was drowned. He was 
appointed governor in 1621, upon the death of 
Governor Carver, and immediately secured the 
friendship of the Indian sachem, Massasoit. In the 



vo 



MONTEITH'S ILISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



beginning of the next year, while the colony was 
suffering severely from famine, Canonicns, chief of 
the Narragansetts, sent them a bundle of*arrows, 
bound with a serpent's skin. The governor j^rompt- 
ly returned the skin, stuffed with powder and ball, 
which completely intimidated the savages. The 
friendly Massasoit, in return for favors during his 
illness, infoi-med Bradford of an Indian conspiracy 
to extirpate the English, and the chief conspirators 
were immediately seized and executed. A compre- 
hensive patent had been obtained for New England, 
from the council, in the name of "William Bradford, 
his heirs, associates, and assignees, and in 1640 the 
general court requested Bradford to resign it to 
them. This he did cheerfully, when it was imme- 
diately returned to him. After being annually 
chosen governor as long as he lived, witli tlie esy 
ception of several years when he declined the oflBce, 
he died in 1657. 

BRANDT, Joseph, an Indian chief of the Mo- 
hawk tribe, was born on the banks of the Mohawk, 
about 1742. He was thought to be a half-breed. 
Sir William Johnston took a great interest in him, 
and, through his kindness, Brandt obtained a toler- 
able education. He visited England in 1775, and, 
being greatly noticed there, he of course imbibed 
prejudices against the Americans, in addition to 
his natural enmity to them. On his return he was 
employed by the British to conduct the attacks 
of the Indians upon the colonists ; and, associated 
with Colonel Butler, he commenced a series of hor- 
rible massacres, the most terrible of which was 
that of Wyoming, at wliich, liowever, Brandt him- 
self was not present. Brandt, hoAvever, seeing that 
civilization was making slow, but sure progress, 
wisely determined to pursue a more pacific policy, 
for his own future benefit, and tried to prevail 
upon the Indians to accept terms of peace. Hav- 
ing received from King George a tract of land upon 
Lake Ontario, he retired thither and spent the re- 
mainder of his life in quiet. lie died in 1807. 



society. They were at length compelled to seek 
refuge in a new country, but, being opposed by the 
government, he was seized and imprisoned. Final- 
ly, having obtained his release, he assisted the poor 
of the society to embark for Holland, and immedi- 
ately followed them thitlier. His means being ex- 
hausted, he opened a school for teaching the English 
language, by means of a grammar of his own con- 
struction. He was chosen a ruling elder in the 
church at Leyden, and came, Avith its members, to 
New England in 1620. He frequently officiated 
there as minister, and died, at an advanced age, in 
1644. 

BROCK, Isaac, major-general in the British 
army. He captured General Hull and his whole 
army at Detroit, in 1812, and afterward proceeded 
to the Niagara frontier, where he was killed at the 
battle of Queenstown, October 13th of the same 
year. During his funeral the guns of the American 
fort were fired, as a token of respect for his bravery 
and generosity. 

BROWN, Jacob, major-general in the American 
army, was a member of the sect of Quakers. In 
1799 he went to the frontiers, and began to fell the 
forest with his own liand ; and, having thus made 
the beginning of a settlement, he purchased more 
land, and was made agent for a wealthy Frenchman 
who owned a large tract in that region. He was 
successful in obtaining settlers; and, having obtain- 
ed a sufficient number, organized a body of militia, 
of which, notwithstanding his Quaker prejudices, 
he took command. He soon found his numbers 
increased to a regiment ; and, at the commence- 
ment of the war in 1812, was made major-general 
of militia. He soon after accepted a proffer from 
government of a high command in tlie army, and, 
at the close of the war, found himself at its head, 
having moved on, from one position to anotlier, 
until he reached the highest. He died at Wash- 
iniiiton in 1828. 



BREWSTER, William, one of the first settlers 
of Plymouth colony, was born in England in 1560. 
He discovered much corruption in the forms and 
usages of the EstablisJied Church, and separated 
from it, forming, with a few others, a separate 



BURGOYNE, Jonx, an officer in the English army, 
Avas chiefly noted fur tlie capture of Ticonderoga, 
during the American war, but finally surrendered 
to General Gates, at Saratoga. He Avas elected to 
Parliament in England, and, refusing to return to 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



71 



America, was dismissed the service. He published 
some pamplilets in defense of his conduct, besides 
several dramas, and died in 1702. 

BUEE, Aaeojt, third Vice-president of the Uni- 
ted States, was born at Newark, N. J., in 175G. 
He joined the American army in 1775, under Wash- 
ington, at Cambridge, went with Arnold, as a pri- 
vate soldier, on his expedition to Quebec, and, after 
arriving there, was aid-de-canip to General Mont- 
gomery. On his return. General Washington in- 
vited him to join his family at head-quarters, but 
some unexplained circumstance soon transpired by 
which Burr lost the confidence of AVashington ; 
and from that time his hostility to the commander- 
in-chief was strong and open. After distinguishing 
himself in the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he was 
obliged to retire from military life, on account of 
his ill health. He then devoted himself to the 
study of law, was appointed attorney-general of the 
State of New York in 1789, was afterward a sen- 
ator in Congress, and was prominent as a leader of 
the republican party. At the election of President 
for the fourth presidential term, Thomas Jefferson 
and Aaron Burr had each 73 votes, and, on the 
36th ballot, Congress decided in favor of Jefferson 
for President, and Burr for Vice-president. In July, 
1804, occurred the duel between Burr and Alexan- 
der Hamilton, his political opponent and rival, in 
which Hamilton was mortally wounded. Soon 
after, Burr conceived his wild project of invading 
Mexico, and establishing a separate government in 
the Southwestern States. He was apprehended, 
and brought to Eiclimond in 1807, on a charge of 
treason, of Avhich, after a long trial, he was acquit- 
ted. He returned to New York, and passed the 
remainder of his life in comparative obscurity. He 
died on Staten Island, in 1836. 

BUTLEE, John, Colonel, was born in Connecti- 
cut, but removed to the valley of Wyoming. Dur- 
ing the Eevolution, he was the leader of a band of 
Tories who co-operated with a party of Indians 
under their chieftain, Brandt. It was by his insti- 
gation that the horrid cruelties of the massacre of 
Wyoming, in 1778, were enacted by some 1600 
Tories and Indians. In conjunction with Brandt, 
he committed similar atrocities in the valley of the 



Mohawk. Treating alike the defenseless and the 
strong, without I'egard to age or sex, he and his 
Tories perpetrated deeds of inhumanity and horror 
which even the savage Indian sliuddered to wit- 
ness. During the same year he sent his son, Walter 
Butler, with a party of Tories, to join Brandt and 
his Indians, who, together, fell suddenly upon the 
settlement of Cherry Valley, murdering many of 
the inhabitants, and carrying off others into cap- 
tivity. After the war, Butler settled in Canada, 
where he was granted 5000 acres of land, and an 
annual income of £500, by the British government. 

BUTLEE, Zebulon, Colonel, was a native of Con- 
necticut, but removed to Wyoming, where, in 1778, 
at the head of a small party of patriots, he attempted 
the defense of the place, but was overpowered by su- 
l^erior numbers, — Tories and Indians, under Colonel 
John Butler. Zebulon Butler was one of the few 
who, by flight, escaped sharing the fate of the un- 
fortunate victims of the massacre of Wyoming. 

CABOT, Sebastiax, son of John Cabot, a Vene- 
tian pilot, was born at Bristol, England, in 1467. 
He studied mathematics and cosmography, and 
became skilled in navigation at an early age. In 
1497 he, together with his father, was engaged by 
Henry VII. to discover a northwest passage to 
India ; and, on one of their voyages discovered 
Newfoundland, and, on another, saw the mainland 
of America, being the first Europeans who had 
done so. He was employed by the King of Spain 
to sail to the Moluccas, by way of the Straits of 
Magellan, but the mutinous spirit of his crew pre- 
vented the accomplishment of his object, and he 
landed at Paraguay, where he remained five yeai's. 
Eetnrning to Spain, he exhibited proofs of the 
great resources of the countries he had visited, but 
was treated coldly, as he failed to realize the ava- 
ricious hopes of the Spaniards. He then returned 
to England, where his merits and nautical skill 
gained him the notice of Edward VI., who settled 
a handsome pension on him. In 1552 he planned 
an exploring voyage to the northern regions of the 
world ; and to him England owes her first mercan- 
tile connection with Eussia, by the establishment 
of the Eussia Company, of which Cabot was ap- 
pointed governor. He published a map of the 



72 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES, 



world, and an account of Lis southern voyages. 
He died in 1557. 



Kestoration, at which time Cecil Calvert recovered 
his right. Leonard died in 1676. 



CALVERT, George, first Lord Baltimore, was 
an English statesman, and Secretary of State to 
James I., but was obliged to resign liis office. He 
still remained in favor with the king, and, having 
been constituted proprietor of part of Newfound- 
land, while Secretary of State, he visited it twice, 
and spent a large sum upon i_t. He was so annoyed 
by tlie French, however, that he at length relin- 
quished the idea of a settlement there, and finally 
settled on the territory northward of the Potomac. 
Returning to England, he obtained a grant of it 
from Cliarles I., but, before the patent was com- 
pleted, he died, in 1632. After his death, the patent 
was obtained in the name of his son Cecil. The 
country was called Maryland, in honor of Hen- 
rietta Maria, the queen-consort of Charles the 
First. 

CALVERT, Leonard, first governor of Maryland, 
was the brother of Cecil Calvert, the proprietor, who 
sent him to America, as the head of the colony, in 

1633. He arrived at Point Comfort, in Virginia, in 

1634. He afterward sailed up the Chesapeake, and 
entered the Potomac, up which he sailed until he 
reached an island, which he named St. Clement's. 
Here he formally took possession of the country ; and, 
liaving obtained an audience of the prince, he con- 
vinced the natives that his designs were honorable ; 
and then, wishing a more suitable station for his 
settlement, he visited an Indian village, about four 
leagues from the mouth of the Potomac. Here, by 
means of presents to the prince and his chiefs, he 
succeeded in conciliating them, and obtained per- 
mission to reside in one part of the town until the 
next harvest, when it was stipiilated that the In- 
dians should leave the place entirely. Having thus 
acquired peaceable possession of Maryland, he 
named the town St. Mary's, and the creek on which 
it was situated, St. George. The principles of tlie 
colony Avere religious toleration and security of 
property, and thus the Roman Catliolic colony 
became a refuge for tliose who fled from the intol- 
erance of the Puritans. Leonard Calvert acted as 
governor until the civil war in England, when 
Parliament appointed a new governor until the 



CALIIOU]Sr, John C, one of the most eminent 
of American statesmen, was born in South Carolina 
in 1782. In 1811 he was elected to Congress, 
where lie soon distinguished himself as an orator 
and debater. In 1817 he was made Secretary of 
"War, under President Monroe; in 1825 he was 
elected Vice-president; and in 1831, a senator. 
In 1843 he was made Secretary of State, and again 
became senator in 1845. He died March 31st, 
1850, having remained at "Washington nearly the 
whole time since 1821. His speeches gained him 
an undying reputation for eloquence. His charac- 
ter was noted for its nobleness and integrity. 

CARLETON, Gut, Lord Dorchester, a distin- 
guished British officer, signalized himself at the 
siege of Quebec, in 1758. In 1772 he was made gov- 
ernor of Quebec, and appointed major-general ; and, 
by his great exertions, saved Canada when its capi- 
tal was besieged by Generals Arnold and Mont- 
gomery. For this he was knighted, and made lieu- 
tenant-general. He next succeeded General Clinton 
as commander-in-chief in America, and, at the end 
of the war, was created a peer, and made governor 
of Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. He 
died in 1808. 

CARROLL, Charles, of Carrollton, was born in 
1737, was of Irish descent, and inherited a large 
estate in Maryland. He was known as a strong 
advocate for liberty, and able political writer. In 
1776 he was a delegate to Congress, and subscribed 
his name to the Declaration, of which he was the 
last surviving signer. After devoting himself to 
the councils of his native State, and serving as sen- 
ator in Congress, he retired to private life in 1810, 
and passed his remaining days in illustrious repose. 
He died in 1832. 

C ARTIER, jAiras, a French navigator, who made 
important discoveries in Canada. Francis I., of 
France, sent Cartier out in 1534, to establish a col- 
ony in Newfoundland. In this voyage he visited 
the greater part of the coast around the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence, and took possession of the country in 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, 



73 



tlie name of the king. The next j^ear he was again 
sent out; and, proceeding up tlie St. Lawrence, 
formed a settlement upon an island which he called 
Mont Real, now Montreal. Here, by means of the 
two natives whom Oartier, on his first visit, had 
induced to accompany him, he established friendly 
feelings with the Indian chiefs. Cartier and his 
followers were entertained with hosi)itality and 
kindness ; in return for which the chief was kid- 
napped and taken to France, Avhere he died. Then 
commenced, and justly so, the hostilities of the 
natives. Consequently, Cartier, on his return in 
1541, Avas opposed by force on the part of the in- 
dignant and outraged natives, and compelled to 
built a fort for his defense near the present site of 
Quebec. Determining to return home, he stopped on 
his way at St. John's, in Newfoundland, where he 
was ordered to return to Canada ; but, not clioosing 
to obey, he sailed away at night. He published mem- 
oirs of Canada on his return from his second voyage. 

CARVER, John, first governor of Plymouth col- 
ony, was a native of England, and one of Mr. Rob- 
inson's congregation in-Lej-den. He came to Amer- 
ica in the Mayflower, in 1620; was elected the first 
governor of the colony, in which capacity he acted 
with great prudence and satisfaction. He died 
suddenly, April, 1621. In sis weeks his wife fol- 
lowed him in death. 

CLAY, Henry, was born in Virginia, in 1777. 
His father dying when Henry was very young, left 
his family in poverty. His mother, a woman of 
high-toned morals and excellent judgment, always 
pointed her young family to the paths of honesty 
and virtue ; but, from her straitened circumstances, 
was able to afford the youth no education except 
that of a log-cabin school-house; he, meanwhile, 
engaged in the toils of a plow-boy, shoeless and 
coatless, until he reached the age of fourteen, 
when he was placed in a store in Richmond, 
and In a year exchanged his situation for one 
in the office of the clerk of the High Court of 
Chancery. He soon commenced the study of 
law, and, almost immediately upon entering his 
profession, he acquired friends, and speedily rose to 
distinction. After serving as senator for a short 
time, he became Speaker of the lower House, and, 



in the winter of 1813-14, when Congress sent min- 
isters to Ghent to treat with Great Britain, Mr. 
Clay was one of the number. On his return, he 
was elected to Congress, and served as Speaker for 
many years. In 1825 he was Secretary of State 
under John Quincy Adams. In 1832 he was a can- 
didate for the Presidency, in opposition to General 
Jackson, but was defeated. In 1842 he resigned 
his seat in the Senate, and retired to private life. 
In 1844 he was the whig candidate for the Presi- 
dency, in opposition to James K. Polk, the demo- 
cratic nominee, by Avhom he was defeated. In 
1848 he was again a candidate for the Presidential 
nomination, but General Taylor was the choice of 
the whigs, and was elected. In 1849 Mr. Clay was 
sent for the last time to the Senate, and his public 
duties occupied him until his death, in 1852. He 
was noted for his zeal and eloquence, and great 
talents as a lawyer and statesman. 

CLIISTTOISr, Henry, a general in the American 
war. He distinguished himself at Bunker Ilill, 
evacuated Philadelphia in 1778, and took Charles- 
ton in 1780, for which he was thanked by the 
House of Commons. He was made governor of 
Gibraltar in 1795, afterward member of Parliament, 
and died soon after. 

CLINTOiSr, De Witt, governor of New York, 
was born in 1769. He was elected to the Sen- 
ate of New York in 1799; in 1802 was made a 
United States Senator; in 1803 was chosen Mayor 
of the city of New York, and re-elected for several 
years. Under his auspices the City Hall and Or- 
phan Asylum were founded, and the city fortified. 
He was afterward elected governor, and did much 
for education and internal improvement. In 1824 
the Legislature, without any assigned reason, re- 
moved him from his office as president of the Board 
of Canal Commissioners, which act of injustice 
aroused the indignation of the people, who elected 
hira governor by an overwhelming majority. Dur- 
ing his administration the Erie Canal, which we 
owe to his perseverance, was finished, and its com- 
pletion celebrated throughout the State. He died 
at Albany in 1828. 

CODDINGTON, William, one of the founders 



10 



74 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 



of Ehode Island, was a native of Ensi'land, and came 
to America in 1680. In 1638 lie removed to Rhode 
Island, and, by his influence, something like a regu- 
lar plan of government was adopted, and he was 
chosen governor until the charter was obtained, 
and the island incorporated witli tlie Providence 
plantations. In 1647 lie assisted in forming the 
code of laws which has been the basis of the gov- 
ernment of Rhode Island ever since. He declined 
the office of governor in 1648, but afterward ac- 
cepted it in 1674 and 1675. He died in 1678. 

COLUMBUS, OnnisTopitER, the discoverer of 
the New World, was born in Genoa about 1435. 
He soon gave evidence of great talents for geogra- 
phy, together with a strong inclination for the sea. 
He studied all the maps and charts he could pro- 
cure, and made occasional voyages. His own re- 
flections, together with facts which he learned from 
navigators, convinced him of the existence of un- 
known lands, separated from Europe by the At- 
lantic. He sought aid in vain from Genoa, Portu- 
gal, and England ; and finally, through the instru- 
mentality of Isabella, queen of Spain, he obtained 
three vessels for a voyage of discovery. He sailed 
from Palos, August 3d, 1492, bent on reaching 
India bj' a westerly course. He voyaged for two 
months without result, and his crew becoming 
mutinous and alarmed, in consequence of the varia- 
tion of the needle, he promised that if three days 
brought no further signs of land, they would com- 
mence their homeward voyage. On the third day 
they came in sight of the Bahamas, and afterward 
explored some other of tlie West India islands. He 
built a fort at Hispaniola, left some of his men there, 
and returned home, where he was warmly received. 
In his third voyage, in 1498, he saw the mainland 
of America, at the mouth of the Orinoco, for the 
first time. Having assumed the command of His- 
paniola, complaints were made against him, and h 
was sent home in irons, an indignity which the 
great man bore with noble fortitude. Having ob- 
tained an audience of his sovereign, he was partial- 
ly reinstated, but soon found that full justice Avould 
never be awarded him. Notwithstanding tliis un- 
worthy treatment, he made another voyage, which 
was attended with great disaster from storms an<l 
shipwreck, and two years after his return, he sunk 



under the burden of oppression and injustice. He 
died at Valladolid, in 1506. His body Avas con- 
veyed to St. Domingo, and afterward to Havana. 

CORTEZ, Fernando, the conqueror of Mexico, 
was born in 1485. The conquest of Mexico being 
decided upon, Oortez obtained command of tlie ex- 
pedition, and set sail in 1518 with ten vessels and 
700 men. He was peaceably received in Mexico, 
but, having seized upon Montezuma, the native 
emperor, and treated the people with great inso- 
lence, they resisted his encroachments. He be- 
sieged the capital, and a dreadful slaughter was the 
result. Having reduced th» citj', he next conquered 
the whole territory, committing the most terrible 
atrocities. Spain rewarded him with wealth and 
rank, but the court of Madrid, jealous of his ]iower, 
treated him with cold neglect. He died in 1554. 

CORN W ALUS, LoED Charles, was born in 
1738, and entered the army at an early age. He 
was conspicuous in the American war, distinguish- 
ing himself at the battle of Brandywine, at the 
siege of Charleston, and at Camden and Guilford. 
He was finalh^ compelled to surrender to Washing- 
ton at Yorktown, in Virginia, which put an end to 
the Revolution. He afterward served in India 
with great renown ; was afterward lord-lieutenant 
of Ireland and governor-general of India. He died 
in 1805. 

COTTON, John, who has been called the patri- 
arch of New England, Avas one of the most dis- 
tinguished of the early ministers of the colony. 
During the government of Bishop Laud over the 
English Church, Cotton was cited before the High 
Commission Court for nonconformity, and, being 
obliged to flee, came to New England for a refuge. 
He remained in Boston, connected with the church 
there, for nineteen years, and died in 1652. 

DAVENPORT, Jonx, first minister of New Ha- 
ven. He came to America in consequence of the 
persecution which he suffered as a Nonconformist. 
After his arrival, he, with a company of followers, 
left Boston to found a new colony, which they did 
at New Haven, where he was minister nearly thirty 
years. He died in 1670. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



DEAEBORlSr, Henry, a distinguished general in 
the Bevolution, wlio arrived at Cambridge, the day 
after the battle of Lexington, with sixty volunteers. 
He was in the battle of Bunker Hill ; accompanied 
Arnold to Quebec ; was major in the army under 
Gates at Burgoyne's defeat; distinguished himself 
for his bravery at Monmouth ; and was present at 
Yorktown, at tlie surrender of Cornwallis. In 1801 
he was appointed Secretary of War ; in 1812 re- 
ceived a commission as senior major-general ; and 
in 1813 captured York in Upper Canada, and Fort 
George at the mouth of the Niagara. He was min- 
ister to Portugal in 1822, but was recalled at his 
own request. He died in 1829. 

DECATUR, Stephen, Commodore, was born in 
Mai-yland, in 1779. He entered the American navy 
at the age of nineteen, sailed tliree times to the Med- 
iterranean, under Connnodores Dale, Morris, and 
Preble, and arrived there tlic tiiird time soon after 
the frigate Philadelpliia had fallen into the hands of 
the Trijxilitans. He formed the daring idea of recap- 
turing or destroying her, and succeeded in boarding 
her, overpowering her crew and setting tire to her, 
when he returned to his vessel, and, favored by the 
wind, was soon out of reach of the enemy's guns. 
For this exploit he was made post-captain. In 
another attack on Tripoli, he, by his invincible 
bravery, captured tAvo of the enemy's gun-boats, 
and carried them otf as prizes. On his return to 
the United States, lie was ordered to supersede 
Commodore Barron in command of the Chesapeake. 
Afterward, with the frigate United States, he cap- 
tured the British ship Macedonian, one of the finest 
frigates in the British navy, after an action of an 
hour and a half. Being appointed to the frigate 
President, he attempted to get to sea, but his vessel 
was captured by three others. After tlie conclusion 
of the war Avith England, he was again sent to the 
Mediterranean, and at length compelled the Al- 
gerine government to sign a treaty most humiliating 
to themselves, and honorable to the United States. 
He also obtained redress from Tunis and Tripoli. 
He Avas killed in a duel Avith Commodore Barron, 
Marcli 22d, 1820, 

FRANKLIN, Benjamin, an eminent philosopher, 
politician, and statesman, Avas born at Boston, in 



1706. His father was a talloAv-chandler, and Ben- 
jamin Avas apprenticed to his elder brother, a printer 
and publisher of a Boston newspaper. Here his 
natural love for reading was indulged, and the 
newspaper afforded an oi)portuuity for the gratifi- 
cation of Ins literary inclinations. His brother be- 
ing imprisoned, and the paper stopped on account 
of some otfensive political articles, young Benjamin 
Avas made the ostensible editor, and liis indentures 
canceled ; and, after tlie release of his brother, he 
took advantage of this act to escape from Avhat he 
considered too rigorous treatment. He therefore 
embarked secretly for Ncav York, and, finding no 
employment there, proceeded to Philadelphia, Avhere 
he arrived on foot, Avith a penny roll in his hand 
and one dollar in his purse. Here he became a 
compositor, and, having attracted the notice of Sir 
William Keith, goA-ernor of Pennsylvania, he Avas 
induced by him to visit England, fur the purpose of 
purchasing types to establish himself in business. 
Upon his arrival in London, he found himself de- 
ceived in his promised letters of recommendation 
from Governor Keith, and Avas again obliged to go to 
work as a compositor. Here he became a convert 
to deistical opinions. In 1726 he returned to Phil- 
adelphia, Avhere he sooti commenced business as a 
printer. In 1728 he established a ncAvspaper, and 
in 1732 published "Poor Richard's Almanac," noted 
for its Avise maxims of industry and economy. He 
Avas afterward made postmaster of Philadeli)hia. 
Some time afterward he commenced his electrical 
experiments, and discovered the identity of the 
electric fire and lightning, and applied his knowl- 
edge to the invention of iron conductors, to protect 
buildings from its evil eft'ects. In 1747 he Avas 
chosen a member of the General Assembly, and, 
through his influence, a militia bill Avas passed, and 
Franklin was appointed colonel of the Pliiladelphia 
regiment. In 1757 he Avas sent to England as 
agent for Pennsylvania, and was honored by being 
chosen FelloAv of the Royal Society, and by the de- 
gree of LL. D. from the universities of St. An- 
drew's, Edinburgh, and Oxford. He returned to 
America, and, two years later, again visited Eng- 
land in the same capacity of agent, and Avas there 
examined by the House of Conunons concerning the 
Stamp Act. In 1775 he returned home, and Avas 
chosen a delegate to Congress. He took a promi- 



76 



MONTEITII'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



nent part in the Eevolution, and was sent to France 
to negotiate a treaty, wliich caused a war between 
that country and England. In 1783 he signed the 
treaty of peace, returned to America in 1785, was 
chosen president of the Supreme Council of Penn- 
sylvania, and, in 1787, was a delegate to the conven- 
tion which formed the Constitution of the United 
States. He died in 1790, leaving numerous scien- 
tific, philosophical, and political works. 

FULTON^, Robert, a celebrated American engi- 
neer, and a native of Pennsylvania. He went to 
England, and studied painting under his distin- 
guished countryman, West, and made painting his 
chief employment for some time. He afterward 
adopted the profession of a civil engineer. In 1796 
he jmblished a treatise on "Inland Navigation," 
went to Paris in 1797, and remained there for seven 
years, closely applying himself to study. There, 
in 1800, he projected the first panorama ever ex- 
hibited, and matured the plan for his submariiie 
boat, or torpedo. Eeturning to America in 1806, 
lie in 1807, in conjunction Avith Mr. Livingston, 
built the first steamboat, which navigated the Hud- 
son at the rate of five miles an hour. He after- 
ward built two steam ferry-boats for crossing the 
Hudson, and obtained a patent for a submarine 
battery. In 1814 the United States government 
appropriated $320,000 for constructing a steam ves- 
sel of war, and appointed him the engineer. In 
about four months it was launched, and christened 
"Fulton the First." He was employed in improv- 
ing his submarine boat, when he died suddenly in 
1815. He was the first who applied water-wheels 
to the purpose of steam navigation; but, though 
he claimed the invention, he certainly was not the 
real inventor, that credit being due to John Fitch. 

GAGE, TnoMAS, the last governor of Massachu- 
setts appointed by England, first came to America 
as a lieutenant under Braddock, and was present 
when that general received his mortal wound. He 
was governor of Montreal in 1760, and in 1763 suc- 
ceeded General Amherst as commander-in-chief of 
the British forces in America. In 1774 he became 
governor of Massachusetts, and soon commenced 
that series of oppressive and unjust acts which 
hastened the Pvevolution. It was by his order that 



the detachment was sent to Concord, for the pur- 
pose of seizing the mihtary stores, which encoun- 
tered the Americans at Lexington, and thus com- 
menced the Revolutionary war. In 1775 the i)ro- 
vincial Congress declared him an enemy to the 
colony, and, returning to England soon after, ho 
died there in 1787. 

GAINES, Edmund P., a general of the American 
army, was born in Virginia in 1777, joined the 
army in 1799, and for twelve years was engaged in 
frontier duty ; and, in the performance of his func- 
tions, was instrumental in the arrest of Colonel 
Burr. He was active in the war of 1812, and was 
promoted from one degree to another until he 
reached the rank of major-general. The govern- 
ment honored him with a vote of thanks, and 
authorized the President to present him with a 
gold medal, while the States of New York, Vir- 
ginia, and Tennessee each awarded liim resolutions 
of thanks, together with a gold-hilted sword. He 
was afterward engaged in the Creek war, under 
Jackson, and for a time in the Seminole war. At 
the commencement of the Mexican war he called 
out a large number of the southern militia, without 
awaiting orders from Washington, for which he 
was tried by a court-martial, but not censured. 
He died in New Orleans, June 6, 1849. 

GATES, Horatio, a major-general during the 
Revolution, was born in England, served in the 
British army during the old French war, and at its 
conclusion purchased an estate in Virginia, where 
he resided until the commencement of the Revolu- 
tion, when Congress appointed him adjutant-gen- 
eral. He captured Burgoyne at Saratoga, for which 
signal service he was tendered a vote of thanks, 
besides receiving a gold medal from the President. 
He was, however, unfortunate in his southern cam- 
paign, being defeated by Cornwallis at Camden. 
He was superseded by General Greene, but was 
afterward restored to his command. He died in 
1806. 

GILBERT, Sir Humphrey, an able navigator, was 
a native of England ; followed the military profes- 
sion, and was knighted for his services. He took 
possession of Newfoundland, in the name of Queen 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



V7 



Elizabeth, but was unable to form a colony. On 
his return from JSTewfoundhind, in 1584, liis ship 
foundered, and every soul on board perished. 

GOSNOLD, Bahtiiolomew, a daring English 
mariner, sailed from Falmouth for America in 1602. 
He was the tirst Englishman who came directly 
across the ocean, without taking the West Indies 
in his course. He discovered a cape, which, from 
the great number of cod he caught there, he named 
Cape Cod. He soon afterward saw and named the 
island called Martha's Vineyard, now supposed to 
be the smaller island called No Man's Land. He 
resided three weeks on the most western of the 
Elizabeth islands, where he built a fort and store- 
house. His provisions not being sufficient, he aban- 
doned the idea of making a settlement, and re- 
turned home. The cellar of his storehouse was 
discovered by Dr. Belknap, in 1797. After his 
return to England, he embarked for Virginia, 
where he was a member of the council, and died in 
1607. 

GEASSE, Franqois Joseph Paul, Count de, was 
born in 1723, and, in the war between England 
and France, was the ally of the American colonies. 
His great abilities and zeal in our behalf gained him 
universal confidence, and the co-operative measures 
cc)neerted between Generals Washington, Rocliam- 
beau, and liimself, resulted in the defeat of Corn- 
wallis, and virtually concluded the war. Congress 
rendered him a vote of thanks for his great services, 
and also presented him with four pieces of cannon, 
taken from the British at Yorktowu, "in testimony 
of the inestimable services rendered by him on that 
day." He died in 1788. 

GREENE, Nathaniel, a major-general during 
the Revolution. His parents were Quakers, and he 
obeyed the tenets of their religion until the battle 
of Lexington, wlien he joined the army, with the 
title of brigadier-general. He was appointed major- 
general in 1776, and obtained great distinction at 
Trenton and Princeton. In 1780 he was appointed 
to the command of the southern department, where, 
although ho won the battle of Cowpens, he met 
with a succession of misfortunes. After several 
defeats, he was obliged to retreat to the' extremity 



of the State, but he was still firmly resolved to 
recover South Carolina; and, waiting his opportu- 
nity, finally won the highest distinction at the bat- 
tle of Eutaw Springs; for which service he was 
presented with a gold medal, and a British stand- 
ard. He struggled with great difficulties, on ac- 
count of the want of supplies fin* his troops, and 
his firmness and decision alone prevented a nmtiny 
among them. He died in 1786. 

HAMILTON, Alexander, first Secretary of the 
Treasury of the United States, was born in 1757. 
He entered the American army at an early age, 
and, by the time he was twenty, Washington had 
made him his aid-de-camp, with the rank of lieu- 
tenant-colonel. From this time he was the insepa- 
rable companion of Washington, and was always 
consulted by him on important matters. After the 
war he became a lawyer, Avas elected to Congress, 
and in 1789 was appointed Secretary of the Treas- 
ury ; and, during his continuance in office, raised 
the public credit from the lowest depths of depres- 
sion to an unprecedented height. On the death of 
Washington he succeeded to the chief command of 
the army, and, M^hen it was disbanded, returned to 
the study of law, continually increasing in reinita- 
tion, until 1804, Avhen he was challenged bj- Colonel 
Burr, and fell mortally wounded at the first fire. 
His name has always been held in the greatest 
esteem, while that of Burr is justly execrated. 

HANCOCK, John, was born in 1737, and was 
distinguished for his zeal in the cause of America. 
In 1774 he was president of the Provincial Congress 
of Massachusetts, and took so prominent a i)art 
against the injustice of Great Britain that General 
Gage, in his proclamation ofiering pardon to all 
rebels who would return to tlieir allegiance, except- 
ed John Hanct)ck and Samuel Adams ; considering 
tlieir offences so great as to merit capital punish- 
ment. He was then president of the Continental 
Congress, and, in that capacity, was the first to 
sign the Declaration of Independence. He was 
afterward governor of Massachusetts, and died in 
1793, noted, not only for his inflexible patriotism, 
but for his generous munificence and hospitality. 

HARRISON, William Henry, the ninth Presi- 



dent of the United States, was born in Virginia, in 
1773, and abandoned the medical profession to join 
the army in its contests with the Indians on tlie 
nortliwestern frontier. In 1811 he gained the 
celebrated victory of Tippecanoe ; and, during the 
war Avith Great Britain, was appointed commander 
of the northwestern army of the United States. 
He was afterward a member of Congress, and min- 
ister to tlie republic of Columbia. On liis return, 
he quietly retired to his residence near Cincinnati, 
where he lived until 1840, when he was elected 
President. His death occurred but one month after 
his inauguration, and caused a profound sensation 
of I'egret throughout the country. 

HARVARD, John, was a Nonconformist divine, 
who came froni England to America, and died at 
Charleston in 1038, soon after his arrival. He is 
deserving of commemoration as the founder of 
Harvard College. 

HENRY, Patrick, governor of Virginia, was born 
in 173G, and took a most decided stand against the 
tyranny of Great Britain. Wlien a member of tlie 
Assembly of Virginia, he Avas the first to commence 
an opposition to the measures of the English gov- 
ernment. He distinguished himself, when a dele- 
gate to the Congress of 1774, by his boldness and 
eloquence. In 1776 he was appointed first governor 
of Virginia; and in 1778, Avhile a member of the 
convention which met in Virginia to cimsider the 
Constitution of the United States, he strenuously 
opposed its adoption. He afterward declined the 
office of Secretary of State, and died in 1790. His 
name will always be esteemed as tliat of one of the 
greatest orators and most distinguished patriots of 
our country. 

HOWE, LoED Richard, a celebrated English 
admiral, born in 1725. During the Revolutionary 
war he had the command of vessels on the Ameri- 
can coast, and acted in ojiposition to the French 
admiral D'Estaing. In 1782 lie eftected the relief 
of Gibraltar, in spite of the combined fleets of 
France and Spain. He was afterward made first 
lord of the admiralty, and, in 1794, obtained a most 
decisive and important victory over the French 
fleet. He died in 1799. 



HOWE, Sir William, General, brother of the 
preceding, and the successor of General Gage in 
command of the British forces in America, arrived 
in 1775, accompanied by Burgoyne. He command- 
ed at Bunker Hill, evacuated Boston in the follow- 
ing spring, and took possession of New York in 
Sei)tember, 1776, having defeated the Americans 
on Long Island. He entei-ed Philadelphia in 1777, 
and defeated the Americans at Germantown soon 
afterward. In 1778 he was succeeded by Clinton, 
and died in 1814. 

HOWE, Robert, major-general in the American 
Revolutionary war, Avas born in North Carolina 
about 1732. Although connected with the noble 
family of Howe in England, whom he visited in 
early life, his attachment to his country Avas una- 
bated, and, at the commencement of the Revolution, 
he joined the Americans Avith great zeal. He was 
commander of the southern department, l)ut labored 
under many and severe disadvantages, Avhich ren- 
dered nearly all his etforts unsuccessful. He was 
succeeded in conunand by General Lincoln, but Avas 
afterAvard intrusted by Washington Avith various 
important offices, and won distinction in several 
actions. He died in 1785. 

HUDSON, Hexka', an eminent navigator, who, 
after making three voyages to find a nortlieast or 
northwest passage to Cliina, in the second of which 
he discoA'ered the noble river Hudson, sailed again 
for tlie fourth time, and, proceeding Avestwaid, 
reached the sti'ait called after him, through Avhich 
he advanced until it led him to the vast bay Avhich 
also bears his name. Here, the supply of . pro- 
visions having failed, his sailors became mutinous, 
and set him adrift, together with his son and seven 
infirm sailors, in 1610. The little company Avas 
never again heard of. 

HULL, William, General, Avas an officer in tlie 
American Revolution. At the commencement of 
the war of 1812, he Avas appointed to the command 
of the northwestern army, and surrendered at De- 
troit to the British general. Brock. A court-martial 
Avas ordered to try him on several charges, and, in 
1814, he Avas sentenced to be shot; but, on account 
of his Revolutionary services and his age, he was 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



79 



recommended to mercy, and the President remitted 
the execution of his sentence. It is but justice to 
add, that he was blamed far more tlian he deserved, 
and that he was more unfortunate than guilty. He 
died in 1835. 

HUTCHINSOISr, Ann", a woman who caused 
much trouble during the early settlement of New 
England, by pretendingto enjoy immediate revela- 
tions, and thereby arousing a strong, but pernicious, 
religious enthusiasm. She caused great dissensions 
among the churches, and, in 1637, her errors were 
condemned by an ecclesiastical synod. She was 
soon after banished from the colony, and, in 1643, 
she and the most of her family, were captured and 
killed by the Indians. 

JACKSON", Andkew, the seventh President of 
the United States, was born in South Carolina, in 
1767. At an early age he took part in the struggle 
for liberty, after which he studied law, and was 
subsequently appointed to some high legal offices in 
Tennessee. At the commencement of the war of 
1812, he entered vigorously into measures of resist- 
ance and defense; in 1814 he was appointed major- 
general; and in 1815, at New Orleans, achieved 
that signal victory over the British forces which 
raised him to the very highest point of popularity, 
and which has ever since been annually commemo- 
rated. He was successful in prosecuting the Semi- 
nole war, and gained, by his bravery and eminent 
services, such golden opinions with his countrymen 
that he was twice elected President. He was noted 
for his great tlrmness and decision of character, 
whicli enabled him to fully carry out his principles, 
notwithstanding the violent opposition which he 
encountered, especially in financial matters. He 
died in 1845. 

JEFFERSON, Thomas, third President of the 
United States, was born in Virginia, in 1748. lie 
was a member of Congress in 1775, and took a very 
decided part againr^t British oppression. The Dec- 
laration of Independence was drawn up by him 
exclusively, although alterations and amendments 
were afterward made by others. He was governor 
of Virginia, minister to France, Secretary of State, 
Vice-president under John Adams, and finally Pres- 



ident for eight years. He then retired to private 
life, and died July 4th, 1826. He was an acute 
politician, remarkable for his eloquence and great 
persuasive powers, 

JONES, John Paul, a Scotchman, born in 1736. 
He settled in America, and, in 1775 obtained the 
command of a ship, under Commodore Hopkins, 
and distinguished himself in several engagements, 
for which he received his commission as captain of 
the marine. Being ordered to France, he conceived 
the design of effecting a descent on the northern 
coast of Great Britain, which he did at Whitehaven 
and on the estate of the Earl of Selkirk, in Scot- 
land. He next took the Drake, sloop-of-war, with 
which he sailed to Brest. In 1779, in a desperate 
engagement off Flamborough Head, he captured the 
British ship-of-war Serapis, of far superior force. 
The King of France presented him with a gold- 
hilted sword, and, on his return home. Congress 
voted him a gold medal. After the conclusion of 
the war, he was invited to join the Russian service, 
with the rank of rear-admiral ; but, after serving a 
short time in the Black Sea, he became dissatisfied, 
was calumniated at court, and received permission 
fi'om the Empress to retire. He returned to Paris, 
where he died in poverty, in 1792. 

KOSCIUSKO, Thaddeus, a Polish general and 
patriot, was a native of Lithuania. When the 
American colonies commenced the struggle for lib- ' 
erty he entered the army, and was made a colonel 
of engineers and aid-de-camp to Washington. He 
fortified the camp of General Gates, in the cam- 
paign against Burgoyne, and afterward erected the 
works at West Point. He was highly esteemed liy 
both American and French officers, and received 
the thanks of Congress for his services. At the 
close of the Revolution, he returned to Poland, and 
took a prominent part in the struggles of 1792 and 
1794. He was wouiided and taken prisoner by the 
Russians, and kept in confinement until the death 
of the Empress Catharine, when he was liberated 
by the Emperor Paul, and loaded with honors. 
He revisited America in 1797, and died in Switzer- 
land, in 1817. The cadets at West Point raised an 
elegant monument to his memory, within the works 
which he erected. 



LAFAYETTE, Gilbert Mottier, Marquis de, 
was born in France, in 1757. Altliough lie was 
wealthy, of high rank, and had powerfnl connections 
at conrt, he came, in 1777, to join the American 
army, and, soon after his arrival, was appointed 
major-general. He raised and equipped a body of 
men at his own expense ; fonght as a volunteer at 
the battle of Braudywine ; and, subseciuently, at 
that of Monmouth ; and commanded Washington's 
vanguard at the surrender of Lord Coruwallis. At 
the restoration of peace he returned to France, and 
assisted in the revolution in that country, in the 
vain hope of obtaining liberty for his fellow-coun- 
trymen, without plunging them into anarchy. Al- 
though he was, at first, very popular, yet such was 
the fickleness and ingratitude of the multitude that 
he was afterward burnt in elfigy, and accused of 
treason against the State; and, notwithstanding his 
devotion to the cause of liberty, he was obliged to 
become an exile, in order to preserve his life. He 
thus fell into the hands of the Austrians, who im- 
prisoned him at Olinutz, for five j'ears, Avhere he 
would undoubtedly have died, had it not been for 
the triumphs of Napoleon in Italy ; when, at the 
special demand of the great conqueror, he was re- 
leased. The rest of his life was by no means ex- 
empt from disappointment, and but very few of his 
entliusiastic hopes for the good of his beloved 
country were ever realized. He visited America 
in 1824, and was received with a perfect ovation 
from the whole country. He retired to domestic 
life, and died in 1834, universally regretted as one 
of the founders of our liberty. 

LAWRENCE, James, a distinguished naval com- 
mander, was a native of New Jersey. He accom- 
panied Decatur, in the Tripolitan war, in the dan- 
gerous exjjloit of destroying tlie frigate Philadelphia, 
and remained several years in tlie Mediterranean. 
In 1813, Aviiile cruising otf the capes of the Dela- 
ware in the Hornet, he encountered the British 
brig Peacock, and captured it in fifteen minutes. 
He was afterward raised to the rank of post-cap- 
tain, and intrusted with the command of the frigate 
Chesapeake. "Wliile in Bi)ston Roads, nearly i-eady 
for sea, the British frigate Sliannon appeared olf 
the harbor, making signals expressive of a chal- 
lenge. Captain Lawrence accepted it, and put to 



sea, the Shannon bearing away until the Chesapeake 
hauled up and fired a gun. Soon after the action 
commenced Captain Lawrence was Avounded in the 
leg, and soon received a mortal wound. Being 
carried below, he cried out to his men, "Don't give 
up the ship." After an action of eleven minutes, 
the Chesapeake Avas captured. Captain Lawrence 
died shortly of his wounds, and was honorably 
buried at Halifax. The result of the action was 
what might have been anticipated, for the crew of 
the Cliesai)eake Avere almost in a state of mutiny, 
and Captain LaAvrence took counsel of his courage, 
rather than his prudence. 

LEE, Charles, a major-general in the American 
Revolutionary army, Avas a native of England, and 
entered the military profession at an early age. In 
1775 he received a commission from Congress, with 
the rank of major-general, and in 1776 received the 
command of Ncav York, and afterward that of the 
southern department, Avhere lie obtained merited 
distinction. In December, 1776, he Avas taken 
prisoner by the British, and retained until tlie sur- 
render of Burgoyne. The battle of Monmouth ter- 
minated his military career, having acted during 
the engagement in a very disobedient and disre- 
spectful manner toward the commander-in-chief, 
for which Washington reprimanded him severely. 
Enraged at the indignity Avhich he imagined himself 
to have received, he Avrote to Washington, chal- 
lenging him to a duel. For this, as well as disobe- 
dience to orders, and misbehavior before tlie enemy, 
he was cited before a court-martial, and susj)ended 
from holding any commission in the United States 
army for the space of one year. He retired to a 
hoA'el in Virginia, where he lived in entire seclu- 
sion, surrounded by his books and dogs. He died 
at Philadelphia, in 1782. 

LEE, Henry, governor of Virginia, and a distin- 
guished officer in the Revolution, Avas born in 1756. 
x\t the battle of GermantoAvn, Lee, Avith his com- 
pany, formed Washington's body-guard. He was 
afterward sent to the South, Avhere he remained, 
under General Greene, luitil the close of tlie Avar, 
distinguishing himself at the battles of Guilford and 
Eutaw Springs. He was afterAvard a member of 
Congress, andgoA'crnor of Virginia. He died in 1818. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



81 



LEE, KioHAED Henry, an eminent American 
patriot, was born in 1732. He bad the honor of 
originating the first resistance to British oppres- 
sion, at tlie enaction of the Stamp Act, in 1765 ; 
was a member of the first Congress, in 1774 ; and 
in Jnne, 1776, he introduced the resolution declar- 
ing tlie colonies free and independent States, and 
siii)ported it by a most brilliant speech. The second 
eloquent address to the people of Great Britain was 
drawn up by him as chairman of the committee. 
He was afterward president of Congress, a member 
of the Virginia Assembly, and of the convention 
which adopted the present Constitution ; and one 
of the first senators under it. He retired to private 
life, and died in 1794. 

LINCOL]^, Benjamin, an eminent American 
Revolutionary general, was born in Massachusetts, 
and in 1775 was made lieutenant-colonel of militia. 
At General Washington's recommendation, he was 
appointed nuijor-general in tlie continental army. 
In 1777 Lincoln was dispatched to the northern 
army, under Gates, to assist in opposing Burgoyne. 
Having been seriously woiinded in the leg, he was 
conveyed to his residence at Hinghani, but soon 
after was appointed by Congress to conduct the 
war in the South. The British general, Prevost, 
having fortified himself in Savannah, an expedition 
was planned against that city, in conjunction with 
the tleet under Count D'Estaing. The attack was 
bold but unfortunate, and General Lincoln returned 
to Charleston, where he importuned Congress in 
vain for proper means of defense ; and was obliged, 
after endui'ing a constant cannonade of a month, to 
capitulate to Sir Henry Clinton, whose forces were 
far superior to his own. This unfortunate afliair 
did not, however, affect liis reputation among 
his countrymen. In 1781, Lincoln performed a 
very efilcicnt part at YorktoAvn, and to him was 
allotted the duty of receiving the submission, 
and directing the distribution of the conquered 
troops. He was afterward made Secretary of 
War, Lieutenant-governor of Massacliusetts, and 
collector of the port of Boston. He died in 1810. 

LIVINGSTON", Philip, a signer of the Declara- 
tion, and eminent patriot. He was eminent among 
the merchants of New York, and, by his superior 



abilities and education, was soon at their head. In 
the Legislature, at Albany, he directed attention to 
the great interests of commerce. New York then 
being behind Philadelphia in her exports and im- 
ports. He was a member of Congress in 1776, and 
not only signed, but strenuously advocated the 
Declaration of Iiulej)endence. He was a member 
of the Senate of New York, and was elected to 
Congress under tlie new State constitution. He 
died in 1778. 

LIVINGSTON, PvOBEET R., chancellor of the 
State of New York, studied law, and was appointed 
recorder of the city, which office he resigned at 
the commencement of tlie Revolution. He was a 
member of Congress in 1776, and was on the com- 
mittee to draw up the Declaration. He was ap- 
pointed Secretary for Foreign AflTairs in 1781, and 
matters at home were also partly submitted to him. 
On his resignation, in 1783, he received the thanlvs 
of Congress. He was afterward minister-plenipo- 
tentiary to France, and, assisted by Mr. Monroe, 
purchased Louisiana for 115,000,000. He resigned 
his office, and traveled through Europe, returning 
to America in 1805. He was instrumental in the 
introduction of steam-navigation into the United 
States, througli his intimacy with Robert Fulton, 
whom he assisted by his advice and money. He 
also introduced the merino sheep, and the use of 
gypsum. He died in 1813. 

LIVINGSTON, Edwaed, a most eminent lawyer, 
born in 1764. He removed to Louisiana, shortly 
after the purchase of that State, and was there ap- 
pointed to revise the whole system of jurisprudence. 
This he did in such a manner as gained him an 
exalted reputation, not. only in America, but in 
Europe. He was afterward Secretary of State and 
minister to France. He died in 1836. 

MACDONOUGH, Thomas, Commodore, was a 
native of Delaware, and served as a inidsliipman in 
the American fleet sent to the Mediterranean. In 
1814 he obtained a splendid victory over the British, 
on Lake Chainplain, for which service the State of 
New Y''ork gave liim 1000 acres of land on the 
bay in which the battle was fought. He died in 
1825. 



11 



82 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



MACOMB, Alexander, a iniij(n--general in tlie 
United States army, was born in 1782. During the 
war of 1812 he was appointed colonel, and distin- 
guished himself at Niagara and Fort George. lie 
was made brigadier-general in 1814, and command- 
ed at the battle of Plattsburg, where he obtained a 
signal victory, in connection with Macdonongh. 
This great service won him the title of major- 
general, and the universal applause of the country. 
In 1835 lie succeeded to the office of connnander- 
in-chief of the army, which he retained until his 
death, in 1841. 

MADISON", James, fourth President of the 'Uni- 
ted States, was born in Virginia, in 1751, and 
studied law in his native State. In 177G he was a 
member of the convention which framed the con- 
stitution of Virginia; was a delegate to the Con- 
tinental Congress in 1780; and afterward to the 
convention which formed the Constitution of the 
United States, in which he took an important part. 
He remained in Congress until the close of Wash- 
ington's administration, and, on JetFerson's acces- 
sion to the Presidency, was appointed Secretary of 
State, which office he held eight years, when he 
was elected President. The dt-claratiou of war 
against Great Britain, in 1812, was the most im- 
portant measure of his administration. After serv- 
ing two terms, he retired to his residence at Mout- 
pelier, and died in 1836. 

MARION, Fkaxcis, a distinguished officer in the 
Revolutionary war, was a native of South Carolina. 
At the commencement of the war between the 
colonies and England, he conunanded a comjjany 
in his native State. In 1776 he co-operated bravely 
at the siege of Fort Moultrie, and acted as lieuten- 
ant-colonel commandant of a regiment at the siege 
of Cliarleston. He was afterward brigadier-general 
of the militia of South Carolina, and was an ilTde- 
fixtigable partisan. Many characteristic anecdotes 
are related of his exploits in tliis capacity ; and, be- 
sides his distinction in partisan warfare, he acquired 
great reputation in besieging the captured posts lield 
by the enemy. At Georgetown, Fort Watson, Fort 
Mosto, Granby, Parker's Ferry, and Eutaw, he 
highly distinguished himself. He died in 1795, 
leaving a high personal, as well as military character. 



MERCER, Hugh, Brigadier-general, was a native 
of Scotland, emigrated to America, and settled in 
Virginia. He served with Washington in the Avar 
against the French and Indians, and was held by 
him in high esteem. He was with Braddock iu 
1755, Avas wounded in the action at Fort Du Quesne, 
and narrowly escaped being taken prisoner by the 
Indians. He then traveled alone through a wilder- 
ness one hundred miles in extent, when ho arrived 
at Fort Cumberland. At the commencement of the 
Revolution he abandoned his extensive medical 
practice, and entered the army. He was distin- 
guished at the battle of Trenton, and at Princeton 
conmianded the van of the Americans. While 
exerting himself to the utmost, his horse was killed 
under him, and some British soldiers instantly 
surrounded him, refusing him quarter, stabbing him 
with their bayonets, and beating his head with the 
but-end of their nmskets, until they left him for 
dead. He lingered, however, about a fortnight, and 
died January 19th, 1777. 

MIFFLIN", Thomas, a Revolutionary patriot, was 
born iu 17-44:. He was a member of the first Con- 
gress, and, when the news of the battle of Lexing- 
ton arrived, he roused his fellow-citizens to take 
up arms, and repaired to Boston, with the rank of 
major, where he was distinguished for his coolness 
and bravery. He was afterward appointed quarter- 
master-general, subsequently brigadier-general, and 
major-general. In 1783 he was elected to Con- 
gress, and presided over that body ; in 1788, suc- 
ceeded Franklin as president of the Supreme Exec- 
utive Council of Pennsylvania ; and was afterward 
governor of the State. He conunanded the trt)ops 
during the Whisky Insurrection, and died January 
21st, 1800. , 

MONROE, James, fifth President of the United 
States, Avas born in Virgjnia, in 1759, entered the 
Revolutionary army in 1776, was at the battles of 
Harlem Heights, White Plains, and Trenton; at 
BrandyAvine, Gerinantown, and Monmoutli, as aid 
to Lord Stirling. After being a member of the 
Assembl}' of Virginia, he Avas elected to Congress 
in 1783; in 1700, Avas chosen senator; in 1794, 
went as minister -plenipotentiary to France; and in 
1799 was appointed governor of Virginia. In 1803 



BIOGRAPHICA'L SKETCHES. 



83 



he was appointed minister-extraordinary to France, 
in the same year minister to London, and, in the 
next, minister to Spain. In 1811 he was made 
Secretary of State, and continued in that office 
until 1817, when he was elected President; and in 
1821 was re-elected almost unanimously. He died 
July 4th, 1831. 

MONTGOMERY, Richard, a native of Ireland, 
who settled in the State of New York previous to 
the Revolution. He had served under Wolfe at the 
taking of Quebec, and had earned a deservedly 
high military I'eputation. Taking a decided pai't 
with the colonies against the mother-country, he 
was, in 1775, appointed to the command of the 
northern department of the continental army, in 
conjunction with General Schuyler, who was com- 
pelled by sickness to remain inactive, so that the 
whole command devolved upon Montgomery, He 
captured Fort Chambly, St. John's, and Mon- 
treal, and proceeded to besiege Quebec. The siege 
commenced in December, and, on the last day of 
the month, he attempted to carry the place by 
storm, but, in the attempt, he and two of his aids 
were killed, and the cnterprize, of course, aban- 
doned. A monument was erected to his memory 
in front of St. Paul's Church, New York ; and in 
1818 his remains were brought from Canada and 
deposited there, with the highest honors. 

MORGAN, Daniel, a distinguished officer in the 
American Revolution, was a native of New Jersey. 
He was a private soldier in Braddock's expedition, 
and, at the connnencement of the Revolutiim, was 
appointed to the command of a troop of horse, and 
joined the arnij^ under Washington. He distin- 
guished himself greatly in the expedition against 
Quebec, was taken captive, and retained until the 
exchange of prisoners. He was afterward sent to 
assist tjates in the capture of Burgoj'ne, and de- 
feated Tarleton at the battle of Cowpens. He 
commanded tlie militia of Virginia in the suppres- 
sion of the Pennsylvania Whisky Insurrection; 
was elected to Congress, and died in 1802. 

MORRIS, Robert, a celebrated financier, was a 
native of England, came to America at an early 
age, and subsequently established himself as a mer- 



chant, in Philadelphia. In 1775 he was a delegate 
to Congress, and signed the Declaration in 1776. 
In 1781 he obtained the control of the public 
finances, and rendered incalculable service by de- 
voting his entire wealth to his country's service, at 
a time when its fortunes were at the lowest ebb. 
He was afterward a senator in Congress. In his 
old age he lost his large fortune by unfortunate 
speculations ; and, to the lasting shame of the coun- 
try who owed its liberty in part to his exertions, 
he was permitted to spend his last years in impris- 
onment for debt. He died in 1806. 

MOULTRIE, William, a major-general in the 
Revolutionary army, was born in England, but 
emigrated to South Carolina at an early age. He 
served with distinction in the Cherokee war, and, 
at the beginning of the Revolution, was a member 
of the Provincial Congress, and colonel of a regi- 
ment. For his brave defense of Sullivan's Island 
he received the thanks of Congress, and the fort 
was afterward called by his name. In 1779 he 
defeated the British at Beaufort; was afterward 
appointed major-general, and was second in com- 
mand to General Lincoln at the siege of Charleston. 
After the close of the war he was repeatedly chosen 
governor of South Carolina. He died in 1805. 

OGLETHORPE, James, an Englishman, who was 
appointed trustee of the colony of Georgia in 1732. 
\ He founded the town of Savannah, negotiated 
treaties with the Indians, and in 1742 successfully 
defended the infant colony from a powerful force 
sent against it by Spain. He died in 1785. 

PENN, William, the founder and legislator of 
Pennsylvania, was born in London, in 1644. Hav- 
ing imbibed the principles of Quakerism, he began 
to preach in public, and to write in defense of the 
doctrines which he had embraced. For this he 
was thrice imprisoned, and once brought to trial. 
Iitel677 he visited Holland and Germany to i)ropa- 
gate Quakerism. Soon after his return to England, 
Charles II. granted him that territory now called 
Pennsylvania, in consideration of the services of 
liis father. Admiral Penn, and for a debt due to 
him from the crown. In 1682 he embarked for 
America, and, during the next year founded Phila- 



84 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY O'F THE UNITED STATES. 



delphia. His principles were tliose of religious 
toleration, justice, and kindness, especially toward 
the Indians, who regarded him with reverent atfec- 
tion. He returned to England in 1684, but visited 
his Y>i"ovince again in 1699, remaining there until 
1701. He died in 1718. His character was most 
exemplary ; and he was regarded, both by the col- 
onists and natives, in the light of a kind and judi- 
cious parent. 

PERRY, Oliver Hazard, an eminent Amei'ican 
naval otRcer, was born in Rhode Island, in 1785. 
He entered the navy as midshipman in 1798, and 
served in the Mediterranean during the war with 
Tripoli ; and was only prevented by his extreme 
youtli from even then acquiring renown. In the 
war of 1812 he achieved a splendid victory over a 
superior British force on Lake Erie, which exploit 
has secured his name a permanent place in the 
history of his country. For tliis great service he 
was raised to the rank of cai)tain. He commanded 
the Java in the expedition to the Mediterranean, 
under Commodore Decatur. He afterward sailed 
to the West Indies, where he died of yellow fever, 
in 1820. 

PHILIP, the sachem of Pokanoket, known as 
King Pliilip, conceived a terrible plan for the utter 
extermination of the whites in 1675. The Indians 
throughout the whole colonies were prepared to 
take sudden and complete vengeance on the usurp- 
ers of their rights, but the whites fortunately re- 
ceived intimation of. the intended attack. The war, 
however, began, and the colonists suffered much 
from the ferocity of the savages until 1676, when 
Piiilil) was killed by a party conunanded by Cap- 
tain Church. 

PITT, Wiij.iAM, Earl of Chatham, a celebrated 
English statesman, whose fame is unsurpassed in 
the annals of eloquence. He strenuously opposed 
the oi)pressive measures of Great Britain towRrd 
her American colonies, and some of his finest 
speeches were made in our behalf. On one of these 
occasions, after the Duke of Richmond had replied 
to his arguments in favor of conciliation, he rose 
to answer his opjionent, but his strength was inad- 
equate to the attempt, and he fell in a fit, in the 



arms of those around him. He died shortly after- 
ward, in May, 1778. 

PIZARRO, Francis, tbe conqueror of Peru, was 
born at Truxillo, in 1475. In 1524, in conjunction 
with Almagro, he discovered Peru, and obtained 
the government of the new country from Charles 
V. He achieved the conquest of Peru by force and 
fraud, using means, and perpetrating atrocities, 
worse than barbarous. A contest having arisen 
between Pizarro and Almagro, the latter was de- 
feated and executed ; but his death was revenged 
by bis son and friends, who assassinated Pizarro in 
his palace at Lima, in 1541. 

POCAHONTxVS, daugliter of the Indian chief, 
Powhatan. She is greatly celebrated in the early 
history of Virginia as having saved the life of Cap- 
tain John Smith, when about to be put to death, at 
the risk of her own. She rendered the whites 
great service, by disclosing the plots of the savages, 
and protecting them from the etTects of her fiither's 
animosity. She afterward married John Rolfe, an 
Englishman, who took her with him to England, 
where her society was souglit after by those of the 
highest rank. She died at Gravesend, when about 
to return to Virginia, at the early age of 22, leav- 
ing one son, many of whose descendants still reside 
in Virginia. 

POLK, James Knox, eleventh President of the 
United States, was born in North Carolina, in 1795. 
He was a member of the bar in Tennessee, and 
soon took a high rank among his colleagues. In 
1825 he was chosen to Congress; was afterward 
governor of Tennessee; and in 1844 was elected 
President. During his administration Texas was 
annexed, and the war with Mexico successfully 
terminated. He died soon after the close of the 
Presidential term, in 1840. 

POWHATAN", a famous Indian sachem of Vir- 
ginia, noted for his artful policy. He was averse 
to the English until the marriage of his daughter 
Pocahontas to John Rolfe, after which he remained 
faithful to them. He died in 1618. 

PREBLE, Edward, a distinguished American 



naval officer, was born in 1761, and entered the 
navy as midshipman in 1779. During the Revo- 
lution he captured a British vessel at Penobscot. 
In 1803 he commanded a fleet sent against the 
Barbary powers, and settled tlie ditficulties with 
tliera on the most favorable lerms. He died in 
1807. 

PULASKI, Count, a celebrated soldier, was a 
native of Poland, and made brave, thougli fruitless, 
efforts to restore his country to independence. He 
came to the United States during the Revolution, 
was appointed brigadier-general, and was mortally 
wounded at the attack on Savannah, in 1779. Con- 
gress voted to erect a monument to his memory. 

PUTNAM, Israel, an officer in the American 
Revolution, was born in Massachusetts, in 1718. 
He was a farmer in Connecticut, and afterward 
engaged in the French war, in wliich he was taken 
prisoner, and suffered terrible tortures. At the 
commencement of the Revolution he joined the 
army, was appointed major-general, and distin- 
guished himself at Bunker Hill. He held an im- 
portant command during the whole war, and was 
noted for his great firmness and indomitable will. 
His last military service was that of superintending 
the erection of the works at West Point, by the 
direction of Washington. He was afflicted with a 
paralytic stroke in 1779, which destroyed his activ- 
ity, and compelled him to pass the remainder of his 
life in retirement. He died in 1790. 



England, Avas received coldly, and, as no blame 
could be attaclied to his conduct in Guiana, he was 
arrested, and his execution ordered, on his former 
attainder; and he was finally beheaded in 1618. 
His whole life was one of service to his country, 
and his treatment by the king was most grossly 
unjust and cruel. 

ROCIIAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste Doxatien de 
YiMEUR, Count de, marshal of France, was born at 
Vendome, in 1725, and entered the army in 1741. 
In 1780 he was sent, with 6000 men, to the assist- 
ance of the Americans. Having disembarked in 
Rhode Island, he acted in concert with Washing- 
ton, first against Clinton in New Yoi'k, and then 
against Cornwallis, rendering important services at 
Yorktown, which were rewarded by his promotion 
to the rank of marshal. During Robespierre's 
reign of teri-or, he was arrested, and narrowly 
escaped death. He was afterward presented to 
Bonaparte, wlio granted him a pension and the 
cross of grand officer of the Legion of Honor. He 
died in 1807. 

SCHUYLER, Philip, major-general in the Amer- 
ican army, Avas appointed to that office in 1775, and 
sent to the fortifications in northern New York to 
prepare for the invasion of Canada. He afterward 
fell under some unjust suspicion, and was super- 
seded in the chief command by General Gates. He 
was a member of Congress, and afterward twice a 
senator. He died in 1804. 



RALEIGH, Sir Walter, an illustrious English 
navigator and historian, was born in Devonshire, 
in 1552. He discovered Virginia, which he named 
for his virgin queen, Elizabeth. He defeated the 
Spanish Armada, and lived in prosperity until the 
death of the queen, when he was cruelly treated 
by King James, unjustly accused of high treason, 
tried, and condemned to die. Being reprieved, he 
was imprisoned in the ToAver of London, and, during 
a long term of years, solaced himself by writing ; 
and, among other works, composed his " History 
of the World." He afterAvard received a commis- 
sion from the king to explore the gold mines in 
Guiana, but the expedition was a failure, being 
defeated by the Spaniards. Raleigh returned to 



SHERMAN, Roger, a signer of the Declaration, 
was born in Massachusetts in 1721, received a com- 
mon-school education, and was apprenticed to a 
shoemaker. His love for learning would not allow 
him to rest content Avith his lowly station, and he 
applied himself to the study of laAV. He became 
Judge of the Superior Court, which office he held 
for tAventy-three years. He was a member of the 
Congress of 1774, and remained in that body for 
nineteen years. He Avas a member of the conven- 
tion which formed the Constitution of the United 
States, and was elected senator in 1791. He died 
in 1793. 

SMITH, John, one of the early settlers of Vir- 



86 



MONTEITII'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



ginia, was born in Lincolnsliire, in 1579. After 
])assing tlirongli a variety of woriderfnl adventures, 
he resolved to visit North America, and came to 
Virginia in 1607. Here his life was saved by Po- 
caliontas, and ho afterward contributed greatly to 
the prosperity of the colony. He died in 1681 

STANDISII, Miles, tlie first military command- 
er at Plj-mouth, New England, accompanied Mr. 
Eobinson's congregation to Plymouth in 1620. He 
was there chosen captain, and rendered most im- 
portant services in the conflicts with the Indians. 
His exploits were noted for their daring, and his 
escapes Avere frequently almost miraculous. He 
died in 1656. 

STARK, John, a general in the American Revo- 
lution, was born in New Hampshire in 1728. He 
fought in the French war, and, immediately on the 
outbreak of the Revolution, joined the army at 
Cambridge. He was at the battles of Bunker Hill 
and Trenton, and achieved a splendid victory at 
Bennington. He rose to the rank of brigadier-gen- 
eral, and was distinguished for his enterprise and 
courage. He died in 1822. 

SULLIVAN, JoiTN, an officer in the American 
Revolution, was born in Maine. In 1775 he was 
made brigadier-general. The next year he was 
sent to Canada, and, on the death of General 
Thomas, the command of the army devolved on 
him. He was ])romoted to the rank of major- 
general, and was soon after captured by the British, 
in the battle on Long Island. He commanded a ^ 
division of the army at the battles of Trenton, 
Brandy wine, and Germantown ; and was the sole 
commander of an expedition to the island of New- 
port, whicli failed from want of co-operation from 
the French fleet. In 1779 he commanded an expe- 
dition against the Indians; was afterward a mem- 
ber of Congress, and for three years President of 
New Hampshire. At his death, in 1795, he was 
Judge of the District Court. 

TAYLOR, ZACnAET, twelfth President of the 
United States, was born in Virginia in 1784. He 
served in the war of 1812, and, for his bravery, 
was raised to the rank of major. He was after- 



ward engaged in the Indian war, both in Florida 
and Arkansas, and rose to the rank of general. 
During the war with Mexico he was distinguished 
for his valor, as well as his ability, and gained the 
brilliant victories of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, 
Monterey, and Buena Vista. After the war he re- 
turned to his residence at Baton Rouge ; was elect- 
ed President in 1848, and died suddenly, of cholera, 
in 1850. 

TECUMSEH, a renowned Indian warrior, born 
in Ohio about 1770. He was hostile to tlie whites, 
and, in 1806, matured a prtvject of a confederacy 
of all the western Indians against the whites. The 
battle of Tippecanoe, in which General Harrison 
defeated the brother of Tecumseh, completely 
crushed the hopes of the brothers. During the 
last war with England, Tecumseh was an ally of the 
king, and held the rank of brigadier-general, com- 
manding about 2000 Indians. He was present at 
several engagements, and was .eventually killed by 
Colonel Johnson, at the battle of Moravian Towns, 
October 5th, 1813. 

WARREN, Joseph, a major-general in the Amer- 
ican Revolution, was born in Roxbury, in 1740, 
and pursued the study of medicine. His ardent 
love of his country would not allow him to remain 
quiet while Great Britain was daily becoming more 
and more tyrannical, and he exerted himself greatly 
in the cause of liberty. He was made major-gen- 
eral four days before the battle of Bunker Hill, and 
was killed just at the commencement of the retreat. 
The glory of Bunker Hill is closely connected with 
tlie name of General Warren. 

WASHINGTON, GeorcxE, the founder of Amer- 
ican independence, was born in Virginia, where his 
father was possessed of great landed property, in 
1732. Great attention was paid to his education, 
especially in the studies of mathematics and engi- 
neering. He was first emjdoyed by Governor Din- 
widdle, in 1753, to remonsti-ate with the French 
commander on the Oiiio, for the infraction of the 
treaty between the two nations. He sub.sequently 
received the thanks of the British government for 
his honorable services in negotiating a treaty of 
amity with the Indians in the back settlements. In 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 



87 



the unfortunate expedition under General Brad- 
dock, he served as aid-de-canip ; and, after the 
defeat of the army, showed great military talent in 
conducting its retreat. He retired from the service 
with the rank of colonel, and, M'hile engaged in the 
peaceful pursuits of his home at Mount Vernon, 
was elected senator in the national council for 
Frederick county, and afterward for Fairfax. At 
the commencement of the Revolution, he was 
selected to take the chief command of the provin- 
cial troops ; and, from the moment of entering 
upon this important oflice, he directed his whole 
energies to tlie accomplishment of one object, — the 
independence of his country. The record of his 
services is the history of the whole war. He joined 
the army at Cambridge, in July, 1775. On the 
evacuation of Boston, in March, 1776, he i)roceeded 
to iSTew York. The battle of Long Island was 
fougiit August 27th, and that of White Plains, Oc- 
tober 28th. He cix)ssed the Delaware December 
25th, and soon gained the victories of Trenton and 
Princeton. The battles of Brandywine, German- 
town, and Monmouth, followed in 1777 and 1778; 
and in 1779 and 1780 lie continued in the vicinity 
of New York, and closed the military operations 
of the war by the capture of Cornwallis, at York- 
town, in 1781. When the treaty of peace was 
signed, Washington resigned his ofHce, and retired 
into private life, followed by the unbounded ap- 
plause of liis country. His high character and 
services naturally entitled him to the noblest gift in 
the bestowal of the people ; and, on the organiza- 
tion of tlie government, he was chosen the first 
President of the country, which owed its liberty to 
his exertions. It was a period of great difficulty 
and danger. The French envoy, Genet, had, by his 
intrigues, incited a spirit of rebellion among the 
factious, who were eager to join the French in their 
revolutionary struggles. Washington, by his pru- 
dence and firmness, subdued insurrectiijn, and si- 
lenced discontent, until those who had been most 
eager in their wild enthusiasm, were convinced of 
their own imprudence, and their President's wis- 
dom. In 1795, Wasliington completed the business 
of his oflUce by signing a commercial treaty with 
Great Britain, and then voluntarily resigned his 
office, at a moment when the whole country was 
united to again bestow the supreme executive power 



upon him. He again devoted himself to agricultu- 
ral pursuits, at his beloved Mount Vernon ; and, 
though he accepted the command of the army, in 
1798, it was merely to unite the affections of his 
fellow-citizens to the general good, and was one 
more sacrifice to his high sense of duty. He died, 
after a short illness, December 14th, 1799, and was 
followed to his grave by the filial sorrow and ven- 
eration of his country. History has no parallel to 
the character of Washington. Every virtue seemed 
to unite in forming his character, and never were 
patience, forbearance, and firmness, more called 
into exercise, or more gloriously displayed. lie ex- 
hibits a rare example of a politician whose motives 
Avere always sincere, always what they seemed. 
Never has the world seen one whose merits were 
so unanimously acknowledged by his countrymen, 
or who so united the power (jf governing with 
mingled firmness and affection. His name stands 
alone, among all the great men of his age, hallowed 
by the well-earned title of the Father of his Coun- 
try. 

WAYNE, ANTnojjT, was born in Pennsylvania, 
in 1746. lie entered the army as colonel in 1775, 
served under Gates at Ticonderoga, and was pro- 
moted to the rank of brigadier-general. He was 
engaged in the battles of Bi-andywine, Germantown, 
and ilonmouth, and in 1779 captured the fortress 
at Stony Point. In 1781 he was ordered to join 
Lafayette in Virginia, with the Pennsylvania forces ; 
and, having received information that Cornwallis 
had crossed the James River, witli the main body 
of his army, he pressed forward with 800 men to 
attack his rear-guard, but, to his great astonishment, 
found the enemy, to tlie amount of 4000, drawn np 
to meet him. A retreat was impossible, and he 
resolved to make a violent attack, and, by some 
coup de main., extricate himself from his perilous 
situation. Tlie ruse succeeded, and Cornwallis, 
supposing that Wayne's subsequent retreat was in- 
tended to draw him into an ambuscade formed by 
Lafayette, did not follow in pursuit. He was after- 
ward very successful in the Southern States. In 
1792 he succeeded St. Clair in command of the 
western army, and gained a complete victory ovei' 
the Indians, at the Miamios, in 1794. He died in 
1796. 



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^^\,^ 



jr., 

88 MONTEITII'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



WEBSTER, Daniel, LL. D., one of tlie eniiuent 
statesmen of liis time, was born in New Hampshire 
in 1782. He received a classical education at Dart- 
mouth College, and taught school during the inter- 
vals of study, to defray his college expenses. lie 
afterward commenced the study of law, and became 
governor of Massachusetts. In 1812 lie Avas elected 
to Congress, and soon displayed those remarkable 
powers as an orator and statesman for which he 
became so distinguished. After being freijuently 
re-elected to Congress, and gaining a world-wide 
fame by his speeches and talents as a lawyer, he 
was apj)ointed Secretary of- State under General 
Harrison, in 1840. He negotiated the Ashburton 
treaty in 1842, which settled the question of the 
northeastern boundary, and put an end to a long 
and threatening dispute with Great Britain. He 
soon after resigned liis office, and Avas appointed 
senator from Massachusetts. On the accession of 
Mr. Fillmore to the Presidency, he was again made 
Secretary of State, and retained that office until his 
death. His orations are among the very brightest 
gems of modern eloquence, and his talents as a law- 
yer were second to none. lie died at his residence 
at Marshfield, in 1852. 

"WILLIAMS, RoGEK, the founder of the Provi- 
dence Plantations, was born in Wales, in 1599. 
Being a dissenter, lie came to America, hoping to 
enjoy religious freedom, in 1631, and preached un- 
til 1636 at Salem and Plymouth. At that time he 
was banished,' on account of his religious opinions, 
and removed, Avith several others, to Rhode Island, 
Avhere he laid tlie foundation of Providence, after 
honestly purchasing the ground from the Indians* 
whom he always treated Avith the greatest kindness. 
There he established the first society Avhich enjoyed 
perfect liberty of conscience. For several years he 
was president of the colony. He died in 1683. 

WOLFE, .Taaies, an English general, born in 
Westerham, Kent, in the year 1726, Avas a sou of 



General Edward Wolfe. He Avas highly eminent 
for his bravery, coolness, and judgment, as Avell as 
for his success in disciplining his men, Avho reposed 
unbounded confidence in their able conunander. 
In conjunction Avith General ATuherst, he distin- 
guished himself in the siege and capture of Louis- 
burg, in 1758. In 1759, Pitt conferred upon him 
the command of the expedition to attack Quebec. 
Wolfe reached the Isle of Orleans, in the St. Law- 
rence, on the 26th of June, vAith a force of 8000 
troops, and a fleet of twenty-tAvo ships of the line, 
under Admiral Saunders. Earlj'on the morning of 
September 13th, Wolfe, Avith 5000 troops, ascended 
the heights, and Avas met by Montcalm, on the field, 
of battle, just before noon. The battle Avas severe ; 
Wolfe Avas Avounded in the Avrist, soon after was 
struck by a second ball, and while still leading on 
liis troops was struck by a third ball, in the breast, 
when he was carried to the rear of his army, and 
expired on the field. 

WORTH, William J., a major-general in the 
American army, was born in 1794. lie served in 
the last Avar Avith Great Britain, and AA-as in the 
battles of Ciiippewa and Lundy's Lane. After the 
peace, he Avas for some time superintendent of the 
academy at West Point. He subsequently served 
in the Florida war, and afterward obtained great 
distinction in the Avar Avith Mexico. He fought at 
Monterey, Molino del Rey, Cerro Gordo, Cherubus- 
co, and at the storming of the gates of Mexico. In 
courage he had no superior, and Avas, next to Scott 
and Taylor, tlie most popidar general in the war. 
He died in Texas, in 1849. A splendid monument 
has been erected to his memory in the city of New 
York. 

YALE, Eliiit, a natiA^e of New HaA-en, Avlio ac- 
quired a large fortune in the East Indies, and made 
such munificent donations to the college of his na- 
tive toAvn, as entitled him to the honor of having it 
called Yale College. He died in 1721. 



